„In Island, Italien, Österreich, Portugal, der Slowakei, Spanien und Tschechien sind die Nichterwerbsquoten von jüngeren Erwachsenen mit einem berufsbildenden Abschluss im Sekundarbereich II bzw. postsekundaren, nicht tertiären Bereich als höchster Qualifikation niedriger als die Nichterwerbsquoten derjenigen mit einem Bachelor- oder gleichwertigen Abschluss.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Bildung auf einen Blick 2023 (2023), S. 95.

„Six EU countries (France, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, and Spain) have reached the EU-level 2030 target of 96% participation of children aged 3 and above in ECEC (Anm.: ECEC = early childhood education and care).“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Education and Training Monitor 2023 (2023), S. 27.
Im EU-Durchschnitt waren es 2021 92,5 %, in Österreich 89,0 %. (Quelle: Eurostat-Datenbank, Abfrage vom 12. Jänner 2024.)

„The ECEC gap indicates the amount of time a child is not covered either by childcare leave or a guaranteed place in ECEC. […] The difference between the well-paid childcare leave and the start of the legal entitlement is between 1 and 2 years in Czechia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Hungary and Poland. […] The ECEC gap is between 2 and 3 years in Belgium, Spain, France and Portugal.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Structural indicators for monitoring education and training systems in Europe – 2023. Early childhood education and care (2023), S. 6f.
In Österreich beträgt er nach EU-Definition 3,8 Jahre. (Quelle: ibidem, S. 7.)

„From around age 3, almost half of European countries offer free ECEC. […] Most of these countries combine free ECEC with a place guarantee (Belgium, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Hungary, Poland and Portugal).“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Structural indicators for monitoring education and training systems in Europe – 2023. Early childhood education and care (2023), S. 9.
In Österreich ist der Besuch von Elementarbildungseinrichtungen nur im letzten Jahr vor dem Schuleintritt kostenfrei und das nur für 20 Stunden/Woche. Eine Garantie auf einen Platz gibt es nur in diesem letzten Jahr vor dem Schuleintritt. (Quelle: ibidem, S. 8.)

„The highest numbers of asylum applications came from Syrian (131 970) and Afghan (113 495) citizens. Within the EU Member States, the most common countries for lodging an application included Germany, France, Spain and Austria.“
Eurostat (Hrsg.), Key figures on Europe - 2023 edition (2023), S. 14.
Mit 106.380 Anträgen lag Österreich im Verhältnis zu seiner Bevölkerungsgröße weit vor Deutschland (217.735), Frankreich (137.510) und Spanien (116.135). (Quelle: ibidem.)

„Over the last decade, tuition fees for Master’s programmes at public institutions have been found to be 25-50% higher than those for Bachelor’s programmes in France, Israel, Spain and the US (Master’s and doctoral programmes combined), while in the French Community of Belgium, as well as in Hungary and Lithuania, they are found to be over 95% higher.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hatidža Jahić u. a., Alternative financing models and student loans in higher education (2023), S. 8.

„In almost all EU countries, the share of children at risk of poverty or social exclusion who are in formal childcare is consistently lower than the share among children not at risk. The participation gap is 7.5 percentage points on average, and ranges from 1.5 percentage points in Spain to no fewer than 35.7 percentage points in Croatia.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Education and Training Monitor 2022 (2022), S. 20.
Österreich gehört mit einem Rückstand von 19,0 % zu den EU-Staaten, in denen Kinder aus sozioökonomisch schwachem Elternhaus beim Besuch von Elementarbildungseinrichtungen am weitesten zurückbleiben. (Quelle: ibidem.)

„Cocaine is the most commonly used illicit stimulant in Europe, with around 2.2 % of adults aged 15 to 34 reporting having used cocaine in the last year. This proportion is highest in Austria, Croatia, France, Ireland, Spain and the Netherlands.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Health at a Glance: Europe 2022 (2022), S. 116.
In Österreich waren es 5,6 %, der höchste Wert aller europäischen Staaten. (Quelle: ibidem, Figure 4.12.)

„Australia has the second highest degree of socioeconomic segregation between public and private schools among member countries of the OECD, second only to Spain.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Laura B. Perry u. a., Does school SES matter less for high‑performing students than for their lower‑performing peers?. In: Large-scale Assessments in Education (2022) 10:17, S. 6.

„Among EU countries, the highest level of belongingness is demonstrated by students in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and Spain, while in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Poland and Latvia students seem to have less positive experiences of being accepted, respected and included in their school communities.“
EENEE (Hrsg.), Quality of School Life and Student Outcomes in Europe (2021), S. 32.

PIAAC: „Countries with the highest average scores for literacy include Japan, South Korea, Finland, Netherlands and Austria, whilst those with the lowest scores include Chile, the US, Greece, Israel and Spain.“
Andy Green u. a., The Effects of System Type and System Characteristics on Skills Acquisition in Upper Secondary Education and Training (2021), S. 33.

„In Italien, Kanada, Spanien und den Vereinigten Staaten waren die Bildungsgebühren im Berichtsjahr für Bildungsgänge 2016/2017 (in Kanada und Italien 2017/2018) zwischen 25 und 46 % höher als 2007/2008, der größte Anstieg wurde in England (Vereinigtes Königreich) verzeichnet, wo sich die Bildungsgebühren in diesem Zeitraum verdreifachten.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Bildung auf einen Blick 2020. OECD-Indikatoren (2020), S. 399.

„On average across OECD countries and economies in TALIS, the proportion of teachers employed on a fixed-term contract of any duration is 18 %, but it is much higher among teachers under age 30 (48 %). In Austria, Italy, Shanghai (China) and Spain, 80 % or more of teachers under age 30 report that they have fixed-term contracts.“
OECD (Hrsg.), TALIS 2018 Results. Volume II (2020), S. 114.

„School heads perceive less parental involvement in schools where a smaller percentage of students speak the language of instruction at home. This is the case in Belgium (Flemish Community), Bulgaria, Germany, Spain and Austria (all with statistically significant differences).“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Integrating Students from Migrant Backgrounds into Schools in Europe“ (2019), S. 47

„Bezogen auf die Bevölkerung lag Österreich 2017 im europäischen Vergleich mit 237 Asylanerkennungen je 100.000 Einwohner/-innen an erster Stelle. Danach folgten Deutschland (187), Luxemburg (184), Schweden (152), Griechenland (92) und Belgien (88). Staaten wie Frankreich (36), Großbritannien (21), Italien (10) und Spanien (1) lagen ebenso wie die osteuropäischen Staaten deutlich unter dem europäischen Durchschnitt von 54.“

Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „migration & integration - zahlen.daten.indikatoren 2018“ (2018), S. 38

„Among younger adults aged 25-34, attainment of at least upper secondary is 65.3 %, well below the OECD average of 84.6 %, which is partly due to more than 20 % (in 2015-16) of lower secondary students failing to graduate with the certificate required to access upper secondary.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education Outlook. Spain“ (2018), S. 11

„In 2012, Spain introduced its Dual Vocational Training Model that combines training with employment in companies. The aim of the system is to provide a professional qualification through teaching and learning processes that are harmonised between training institutions and workplaces.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education Outlook. Spain“ (2018), S. 12

„The native-born children of immigrants are more likely than their peers with no migrant background to drop out early in two-fifths of countries, particularly in longstanding European destinations and the Nordic countries. Shares exceed 13 % in Sweden, Austria and Spain. The widest gaps in drop-out rates between pupils of foreign- and native-born parents are in Austria and Slovenia. […] In Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, young people with a non-EU background are more than twice as likely to drop out as their peers of native-born parentage.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Settling In 2018“ (2018), S. 198

Spanien: „For teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualifications, salaries in Spain were equivalent or higher than for full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education, and exceeded OECD and EU22 averages across levels of schooling in 2015.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education Outlook. Spain“ (2018), S. 14

Österreich Lehrergehälter liegen diesbezüglich deutlich unter dem OECD-Durchschnitt. (Quelle: OECD (Hrsg.), „Education at a Glance 2017“ (2017), Table D3.2b.)

„In 2017, 19 % of foreign-born people aged 18 to 24 in the European Union had left school early, compared to 10 % of natives. The early school leaver rate in Spain was 32 % among the foreign-born and 16 % among natives.“

UNESCO (Hrsg.), „Global Education Monitoring Report 2019“ (2018), S. 40

In Österreich brachen 2017 5,3 % der im Land Geborenen und 18,4 % der Zugewanderten ihre Schullaufbahn vorzeitig ab. (Quelle: Eurostat-Datenbank, Abfrage vom 10. Jänner 2019)

„In some countries, it is common for children to repeat at least one grade during their school career. This happens to over 30 per cent of children in Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain.“
UNICEF (Hrsg.), „An Unfair Start. Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries“ (2018), S. 40
In Österreich sind es 15,2 Prozent.

„The prevalence of bullying varies considerably across Europe. Lithuania, Belgium, Estonia, Austria and Latvia are some of the countries with relatively high victimisation rates between around 20 % and 30 %, compared to the lower rates of Denmark, Sweden, Czech Republic, Croatia, Italy and Spain below 10 %.“

NESET (Hrsg.), „How to Prevent and Tackle Bullying and School Violence“ (2017), S. 6

Italien: „The time needed to get 50 % of the youth population into work after school leaving is equal to 5.9 years in Italy – longer than any OECD countries and most developing countries for which data is available. Similarly, the average duration of completed transitions – another measure of school-to-work transition – is 1.7 years and higher levels are found only in Spain (1.8) across the OECD, and South Africa (2.7) across non-OECD countries for which data is available.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report Italy 2017“ (2017), S. 147

„On average, 13 % of 15-year-olds in the OECD have repeated at least one grade in primary or secondary school. […] In France, Luxembourg, Portugal or Spain, the rate of grade repetition is as high as 35 %.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Trends Shaping Education 2017“ (2017), Spotlight 8, S. 5

„Auf der Ebene der Mitgliedstaaten war im Jahr 2015 mehr als jeder vierte junge Mensch im Alter von 20 bis 24 Jahren in Italien (31,1 %) sowie in Griechenland (26,1 %) weder erwerbstätig noch in Bildung bzw. Weiterbildung und mehr als jeder fünfte in Kroatien (24,2 %), Rumänien (24,1 %), Bulgarien (24,0 %), Spanien und Zypern (jeweils 22,2 %) befand sich ebenfalls in dieser Lage.“

Eurostat (Hrsg.), Pressemitteilung vom 11. August 2016

„Viele Länder, u. a. das Vereinigte Königreich (modern apprenticeships), Spanien (nuevo contrato de la formación y aprendizaje) und Frankreich (apprentissage nouveau), setzen auf neue/modifizierte duale Ausbildungssysteme, um den hohen Jugendarbeitslosigkeits- und Schulabbruchquoten entgegenzuwirken.“

ibw (Hrsg.), „Befragung österreichischer LehrabsolventInnen zwei Jahre nach Lehrabschluss“ (2016), S. 11

„The largest differences in early leaving between the native population and people born elsewhere are observed in southern Europe (Italy, Spain and Greece) and Austria, with gaps of more than 18 percentage points.“

Eurostat (Hrsg.), „Sustainable development in the European Union“ (2016), S. 44

„Italy (85.4 %), Spain (82.6 %), Korea (79.4 %) and the Netherlands (71.8 %) have an exceptionally high proportion of adults who scored at or below Level 1 in literacy who came from families in which both parents had less than upper secondary level attainment.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Anke Grotlüschen u. a., „Adults with Low Proficiency in Literacy or Numeracy“ (2016), S. 34

„Some countries and economies, such as the Netherlands, have low academic inclusion (performance varies considerably between schools) and high social inclusion (advantaged and disadvantaged students are relatively evenly distributed across schools), whereas others, like Spain, have high academic inclusion and low socio-economic inclusion.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools (2016), S. 173

„In Italy, Spain and Ireland, around every tenth employee is an involuntary part-time worker. For youth, these rates are twice as high. Especially young women are likely to work shorter hours than they want to: around a quarter of young women aged 15-29 in Spain and Italy, but also in Australia.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Society at a Glance 2016“ (2016), S. 90

Spanien: „56 % of graduates are unemployed one year after graduation and 35 % four years after graduation, while 44.5 % of the graduates employed four years after graduation have jobs that do not require a university degree.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Education and Training Monitor 2015 - Country analysis“ (2015), S. 256

„The proportion of NEETs among 15 to 29 year-olds in France has been, on average over the last decade, one of the highest in the OECD countries, after Italy, Spain and Greece.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Pierre Cahuc u. a., „Youth unemployment in France“. In: Dolado (Hrsg.), „No Country for Young People?“ (2015), S. 47

„The highest positive values of the index are found for Austria, United Kingdom and Ireland, and the lowest negative values for the index were found in Italy, Spain and Greece.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Teaching Practices in Primary and Secondary Schools in Europe“ (2015), S. 98

„For numeracy, almost a quarter (24 per cent) of adults in England scored at Level One or below, a higher proportion than the OECD average of 19 percent. Most countries had a lower proportion of adults at the lowest two numeracy levels than England and only six countries had a higher proportion (Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, France, the United States, Spain and Italy).“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Andy Green u. a., „Why are Literacy and Numeracy Skills in England so Unequal?“ (2015), S. 19

Österreich gehört mit 14 % zu den Staaten, in denen sich die wenigsten Menschen mit ihrer Mathematikkompetenz im Risikobereich (Level One or below) befinden.

„Italy, together with Spain and Ireland, had the lowest literacy scores among tertiary-educated 25-34 year-olds who participated in the OECD Survey of Adult Skills.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education at a Glance. Country Note Italy“ (2015), S. 4

„In 2013, Finland, Spain and Greece stand out for having the highest NEET rates among young immigrants who arrived as children …“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015 - Settling In“ (2015), S. 256

„In Belgien, Spanien und Finnland zählte […] mehr als ein Drittel der im Inland Geborenen mit zwei im Ausland geborenen Elternteilen zur Gruppe der NEET.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Integration von Zuwanderern: Indikatoren 2015“ (2015), S. 260

„Spanish households responded to immigration by increasing their educational expenditures. This result was mainly driven by an important native flight from tuition-free schools toward private ones.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Lídia Farré u. a., „Immigration and School Choices in the Midst of the Great Recession“ (2015), Abstract

„In some OECD countries, including Canada, France, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States, large proportions of young adults who have upper secondary qualifications also perform (Anm.: bei PIAAC) below Level 2 in numeracy.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Skills Outlook 2015“ (2015), S. 38

Italiens, Irlands, Spaniens und Englands unter 30-jährige AkademikerInnen haben, wie die OECD bestätigt, eine geringere Mathematikkompetenz als Österreichs unter 30-Jährige, deren höchster Bildungsabschluss die Sekundarstufe II ist (ibidem, S. 35)

„Many Spanish students complete late. 23 % of students complete school as much as two years later than the rest of their Spanish peers.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report Spain 2015“ (2015), S. 48

„The Spanish rate of young people not in employment, education or training (as a percentage of the total population) is currently among the highest in Europe: about 18.6 % of young workers in Spain are in this situation, only surpassed by a rate of 22.2 % among Italian youngsters.“

Dr. Ignacio García Pérez u. a., „Youth unemployment in Spain“. In: Dolado (Hrsg.), „No Country for Young People?“ (2015), S. 124

„The largest proportion of students reporting that they had repeated a grade in primary, lower secondary or upper secondary school can be found in Belgium (36.1 %), closely followed by Spain, Luxembourg and Portugal (all exceeding 30 %). […] In France and the Netherlands, the rates of students who repeated a grade are close to 30 %.“

Eurydice (Hrsg.), „Tackling Early Leaving from Education and Training in Europe“ (2014), S. 44

„Grade repetition in Spain has increased 4 percentage points between 2003 and 2012, reaching 32.9 % in 2012.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report Spain 2015“ (2015), S. 48

Zum Vergleich: In Österreich sind es 11,9 %. (Quelle: Eurydice (Hrsg.), „Tackling Early Leaving from Education and Training in Europe“ (2014), S. 44)

„Some 13 % of 15-year-olds are reported to have repeated at least one year either in primary or secondary school. This proportion is particularly high in Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain, where it affects over 30 % of students.“

Dr. Andreas Schleicher, PISA-Koordinator der OECD, „Equity, Excellence and Inclusiveness in Education“ (2014), S. 77

In Österreich sind es 11,9 %.

Lesekompetenz bei PIAAC: „Italy (250) and Spain (252), but also France (262), fall substantially short of the international performance and constitute the bottom of the international league tables.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ludger Wößmann, „The Economic Case for Education“ (2014), S. 23

„The proportion of those repeating a year in primary education is particularly high in six countries (Belgium, Spain, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Portugal), ranging from 12.2 % in Spain to 22.4 % in the Netherlands and Portugal.“

Eurydice (Hrsg.), „Education and Training in Europe 2020“ (2013), S. 23

„Over 25 % of 15-year-old students in France, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands reported having repeated a year during their school trajectory in primary and secondary education.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Synergies for Better Learning“ (2013), S. 210

„Spanish education has been adjusted to the European standards. As a result, it devotes increasing attention to the very able, mainly according to the German model.“

Istvan Benyhe, „Links between of Spanish Public Education and Gifted Education“. In: Győri, „International horizons of talent support. Best practices within and without the European Union“ (2011), S. 191

Spanien: „The Spanish Public Education Act acknowledges the right of students to have the highest-level public education matching their talents/gifts, and it makes special reference to obligations related to those with outstanding abilities. […] There are numberless new programmes in this area, and Spain has joined the international and European systems of talent development.“

Istvan Benyhe, „Links between of Spanish Public Education and Gifted Education“. In: Győri, „International horizons of talent support. Best practices within and without the European Union“ (2011), S. 191

„Countries such as Germany, Belgium, Austria, and Switzerland recruited inexpensive and unskilled labourers from the poorest and most rural regions of Turkey, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Bosnia‑Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia Montenegro.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers u.a., „Negative Selectivity of Europe's Guest-Workers Immigration?“ (2010), S. 89