„Of the ten countries where reading performance declined over time, most witnessed the steepest declines among their weakest students. In particular, mean performance declined, and performance gaps widened, in Australia, Finland, Iceland, Korea, the Netherlands, the Slovak Republic and Sweden.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA in Focus 103 (Jänner 2020), S. 2.

„Durch die Aufnahmeverfahren wurden die Erfolgsquoten aller Gruppen deutlich gesteigert, wobei die Steigerung bei Studierenden mit Eltern ohne Matura noch höher ausfällt als bei Studierenden aus AkademikerInnen-Familien.“
IHS (Hrsg.), Evaluierung der Zugangsregelungen nach § 71b, § 71c, § 71d UG 2002 (2020), S. 144.

„Zwei Drittel der inländischen Studierenden in Österreich sind sogenannte ‚first generation students‘, da weder ihr Vater noch ihre Mutter einen Studienabschluss hat. Auch im Vergleich mit anderen europäischen Ländern ist der Anteil der Studierenden mit Eltern, die keine AkademikerInnen sind, in Österreich vergleichsweise hoch.“
IHS (Hrsg.), Studierenden-Sozialerhebung 2019 (2020), S. 117.

„In Familien mit einem niedrigen Bildungsstand nimmt die Vermittlung von Kompetenzen über familiale Bildungsaktivitäten wie dem Vorlesen einen geringeren Stellenwert ein.“
KMK (Hrsg.), Bildung in Deutschland 2020 (2020), S. 79.

Deutschland: „Für den Großteil der Schülerschaft ist von einer Verringerung der sozialen Disparitäten und nicht von einem Schereneffekt auszugehen. Der Kompetenzrückstand der Schülerinnen und Schüler mit niedrigem gegenüber jenen mit hohem Sozialstatus wird von Jahrgangsstufe 5 zu 9 kleiner.“
KMK (Hrsg.), Bildung in Deutschland 2020 (2020), S. 150.

„Viele der befragten Eltern stehen dem Vorlesen kritisch gegenüber – es macht ihnen keinen Spaß, weil sie darin Anforderungen sehen, denen sie sich nicht gewachsen fühlen, z. B. dass sie ihre Stimme verstellen oder besonders gut vorlesen müssen. Der Hälfte der Eltern ist in der Kindheit nicht vorgelesen worden. Ihnen fehlt die Erfahrung, dass Vorlesen im Alltag aller Familien möglich ist.“
Dr. Jörg F. Maas, Hauptgeschäftsführer Stiftung Lesen. In: Stiftung Lesen (Hrsg.), Wie wird Vorlesen im Alltag möglich? Vorlesestudie 2020 (2020), S. 33.

„Fast jede zweite Person mit Migrationshintergrund (47 %), deren Eltern lediglich einen Pflichtschulabschluss aufwiesen, verfügte 2014 ebenfalls über keinen höheren Bildungsabschluss. In der Bevölkerung ohne Migrationshintergrund wurde das niedrige Bildungsniveau weit weniger oft ‚vererbt‘, nämlich nur zu gut einem Fünftel (22 %).“
Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), migration & integration – zahlen.daten.indikatoren 2020 (2020), S. 53.

„Research evidence shows that there are clear benefits for children who participate in ECEC (Anm.: ECEC = Early childhood education and care) in terms of their overall development and, more specifically, their academic performance. This finding is especially valid for disadvantaged students. […] Nevertheless, data from the EU-SILC Survey and PISA 2018 reveal that children from disadvantaged families participate less in ECEC.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Equity in school education in Europe (2020), S. 59.

„ECEC (Anm.: ECEC = Early childhood education and care) is increasingly considered to provide the foundations for lifelong education and training and is becoming an integral part of education systems. It has also been recognised as an important tool for increasing equity in education.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Equity in school education in Europe (2020), S. 59.

„Participation in ECEC (Anm.: ECEC = Early childhood education and care) appears to have particularly beneficial effects on the performance of 15-year-old students from low socio-economic backgrounds.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Equity in school education in Europe (2020), S. 64.

„PISA 2018 confirms previous international surveys in that students from low socio-economic backgrounds are less likely to participate in ECEC for more than a year in the vast majority of European education systems. In contrast, students from high socioeconomic backgrounds tend to participate to a higher degree in almost all education systems.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Equity in school education in Europe (2020), S. 65.

„Learning opportunities provided during the summer holiday have proved to have a positive impact on academic performance. Quality summer schools targeting disadvantaged students can also contribute to narrowing the gap between the performance of advantaged and disadvantaged students.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Equity in school education in Europe (2020), S. 208.

China: „The motivation to learn, the willingness to achieve, the ability to set learning goals and a positive attitude toward school all relate positively to higher learning outcomes in mathematics, science and reading. The relationship is particularly strong for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, who seem to be determined and motivated to improve their lives through educational success.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Benchmarking the Performance of China's Education System (2020), S. 19.

„A positive attitude towards competition as well as high motivation to master tasks appear to be more beneficial for students from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds than for students from more advantaged backgrounds.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Benchmarking the Performance of China's Education System (2020), S. 104.

„B-S-J-Z (China) stands out as having relatively mild slopes, meaning that socio-economic status is associated with smaller differences in mean performance than across OECD countries on average.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Benchmarking the Performance of China's Education System (2020), S. 106.

„Early childhood programmes are increasingly seen as a means of giving children from disadvantaged or immigrant backgrounds a strong start in life, and thus to mitigate the economic and linguistic disadvantages that could otherwise hinder their development and integration in society.“
OECD Hrsg.), Building a High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Workforce (2020), S. 66.

„Socio-economic background is strongly associated with skill levels in Finland; the strongest association across all Nordic countries. Around 70 % of adults with low basic skills have parents who hold at most lower secondary qualifications, compared to 57 % of adults with low basic skills in other Nordic countries. The impact of parental background on skill levels has increased over time and is more pronounced in younger cohorts.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Continuous Learning in Working Life in Finland, Getting Skills Right (2020), S. 73.

„Children in poorer households are less likely to eat fruit, vegetables or protein every day than their more advantaged counterparts, and have lower rates of breakfast consumption. Socio-economic status also affects physical activity levels, with children from low-affluence families engaging in less activity than their more affluent peers.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Education in the Digital Age (2020), S. 27.

„On average across OECD countries, a socio-economically disadvantaged 15-year-old student was about three times more likely than an advantaged student to have repeated a grade at least once, even if both students scored the same in the PISA reading test.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2018 Results. Effective Policies, Successful Schools (2020), S. 46.
In nur wenigen OECD-Staaten hängt die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu repetieren so wenig vom sozioökonomischen Background ab wie in Österreich. (Quelle: ibidem, Table V.B1.2.11.)

„In contexts where socio-economically advantaged students have privileged access to private tutoring after school, public schools offer after-school lessons to expand learning opportunities for disadvantaged students. Some after-school programmes target high-performing students from low-income families.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2018 Results. Effective Policies, Successful Schools (2020), S. 140.

„PISA shows that socio-economically advantaged students and students who attend socio-economically advantaged schools tend to spend more time doing homework.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2018 Results. Effective Policies, Successful Schools (2020), S. 142.

„Across OECD countries, after accounting for per capita GDP, the higher the percentage of students in schools that use student assessments to inform parents about their child’s progress, the weaker the relationship between students’ socio-economic status and their reading performance. After accounting for per capita GDP, these correlations are statistically significant in reading, mathematics and science both across OECD countries, and across all countries and economies.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA 2018 Results. Effective Policies, Successful Schools (2020), S. 180.

„The research literature suggests that the impact of ECEC services on a child’s development is the highest for children from the least educated families.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Quality Early Childhood Education and Care for Children Under Age 3 (2020), S. 42.

„The German VET system – in particular dual apprenticeship training – is often regarded as a role model in education reform as it produces low levels of youth unemployment, a highly trained workforce at the intermediate skills level and – as a consequence – high levels of competitiveness among firms in certain product markets, such as high-quality manufacturing. More recently, scholars have argued that it also contributes to lower levels of socio-economic inequality as it provides access to well-paid and relatively secure employment for practically talented youth.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Strengthening the Governance of Skills Systems (2020), S. 61f.

„The available evidence suggests that SES gaps in cognitive and academic achievement are profound already before children enter school and either remain constant or only slightly increase during schooling.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jan Skopek, Socioeconomic Inequality in Children’s Achievement from Infancy to Adolescence. The Case of Germany (2020), S. 3.

„The increase of socioeconomic gaps over tracked secondary schooling was markedly less dramatic than one might have expected based on the social reproduction argument prevailing in stratification literature. […] Schooling (even tracked schooling) acts toward compensating overall levels of inequality. […] Our findings invite more critical reflection on the dominant view of schooling as a locus of reproduction, that is, an institution that exacerbates inequality in educational outcomes by social background.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jan Skopek, Socioeconomic Inequality in Children’s Achievement from Infancy to Adolescence. The Case of Germany (2020), S. 21f.

„Education spending by governments is strongly linked to intergenerational educational mobility.“
World Economic Forum (Hrsg.), The Global Social Mobility Report 2020 (2020), S. 16.

„The United Kingdom has significant disparities in educational quality between schools, and limited social diversity within schools.“
World Economic Forum (Hrsg.), The Global Social Mobility Report 2020 (2020), S. 25.

„Overall, it has been shown that larger spending on education is associated with more social mobility.“
World Economic Forum (Hrsg.), The Global Social Mobility Report 2020 (2020), S. 30.

„Studien zeigen, dass die Chancengerechtigkeit in jenen Kantonen grösser ist, in denen die Eltern bei der Wahl der Bildungsstufe kein Mitspracherecht haben.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Margrit Stamm, Neue Zürcher Zeitung online am 8. November 2019.

„Im Kindes- und Jugendalter haben Schlafstörungen in den letzten Jahren zugenommen. Ungefähr jedes 5. Kind hat Schlafschwierigkeiten und Jugendliche aus sozial schwächeren Familien sind dabei einem erhöhten Risiko ausgesetzt. Dies waren Ergebnisse einer Studie des Forschungszentrums für Zivilisationserkrankungen (LIFE Child) der Universität Leipzig.“
www.news4teachers.de am 3. November 2019.

„In all 33 countries that participated in the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), adults with more-educated parents were considerably more likely to complete tertiary education than adults with less-educated parents. On average across the countries that participated in the survey, adults with at least one tertiary-educated parent were 11 times more likely to complete tertiary education than adults whose parents had not completed upper secondary school.“
OECD (Hrsg.), PISA in Focus 99 (August 2019), S. 3.
Im internationalen Mittel lautet das Chancenverhältnis 1:11, in Österreich 1:7. (Quelle: OECD (Hrsg.), Equity in Education (2018), Figure 2.15)

„Das Elternhaus spielt im Sinne der ‚Vererbung‘ eine entscheidende Rolle. So haben die Bildungsvoraussetzungen der Eltern einen großen Einfluss auf die Lesekompetenz und Lesemotivation von Schüler/innen, das zeigt die Internationale Grundschul-Lese- Untersuchung (IGLU). Dabei muss die ‚Vererbung‘ elterlicher Bildung nicht nur als starre Konstellation gesehen werden, es gibt durchaus eine aktive Komponente. ‚Vererbt‘ werden kann Lesekompetenz und Spaß am Lesen nämlich durch das elterliche Vorlesen, wie die deutsche Vorlesestudie 2018 zeigt.“
Mag. Dr. Christine Geserick. In: ÖIF (Hrsg.), „beziehungsweise“ vom Mai 2019, S. 6f

„Das Lesenlernen fällt den Kindern umso leichter, je öfter ihnen von ihren Eltern vorgelesen wird. Das zeigt die Kreuzung der Daten zu den Hürden beim Lesenlernen (z. B. ‚Findest du es eher leicht oder schwer, dir das vorzustellen, was da steht?‘) und der elterlichen Vorleseintensität (zwischen ‚täglich‘ und ‚nie‘). Von jenen, denen täglich vorgelesen wird, empfinden nur 26 % der Kinder Hürden beim Lesenlernen, von jenen, denen ‚nie‘ vorgelesen wird, sind es hingegen 73 %.“
Mag. Dr. Christine Geserick. In: ÖIF (Hrsg.), „beziehungsweise“ vom Mai 2019, S. 7

„Eighty-four per cent of children of parents with high education passed the matriculation examination in the target time and 73 per cent of those having started studies for an initial vocational qualification. […] Of children of parents with no post-comprehensive level qualifications, 63 per cent passed the matriculation examination in the target time and 57 per cent of those having started studies for an initial vocational qualification.“
Statistics Finland online am 14. März 2019

„In almost all participating education systems, 15-year-old students who report greater motivation to achieve also perform better in the PISA assessment. Students in socio-economically advantaged environments perform better and show greater motivation than students in disadvantaged environments.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus 92“ (Jänner 2019), S. 1

„Die soziale Herkunftsschicht spielt eine bedeutende Rolle für das Freizeitverhalten: Jugendliche aus den unteren sozialen Schichten surfen häufiger im Netz, gamen oder sehen regelmäßiger fern als Gleichaltrige aus den höheren Schichten. Letztere liegen stattdessen bei ‚aktiven‘ Beschäftigungen wie Sport, Lesen oder Kreativität vorn.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Mathias Albert, Jugend 2019 – 18. Shell Jugendstudie: Eine Generation meldet sich zu Wort (2019), S. 30.

„Während das Bildungsniveau der Eltern der getesteten Kinder zwischen 2006 und 2016 deutlich stieg, blieb die Lesekompetenz der Kinder auf annähernd gleichem Niveau. Gleichzeitig stieg die durch die soziodemografischen Merkmale der Schüler/innen erklärte Varianz, was auf kleiner werdende Chancengerechtigkeit hindeutet.“
BIFIE (Hrsg.), Lesekompetenz der 10-Jährigen im Trend (2019), S. 8.

„Es zeigt sich die Tendenz, dass Faktoren wie elterliche Bildung, kulturelles Kapital und Migration zusammen einen größeren Einfluss auf die Leseleistung haben als noch zehn Jahre zuvor.“
BIFIE (Hrsg.), Lesekompetenz der 10-Jährigen im Trend (2019), S. 141.

„Der mittlere Leistungsunterschied zwischen Kindern, deren Eltern einen Hochschulabschluss haben, und Kindern, deren Eltern maximal einen Pflichtschulabschluss aufweisen, beträgt 119 Punkte. […] Diese deutlichen Kompetenzunterschiede nach dem Bildungsabschluss der Eltern sind am Ende der Volksschule damit noch stärker ausgeprägt als am Ende der Sekundarstufe 1.“
BIFIE (Hrsg.), „Standardüberprüfung 2018. Mathematik, 4. Schulstufe. Bundesergebnisbericht“ (2019), S. 67

„Die Ergebnisse von PIRLS 2016 zeigen, dass in Österreich weiterhin ein im internationalen Vergleich besonders großer Unterschied in den Lesefertigkeiten zwischen Kindern der 4. Schulstufe mit Migrationshintergrund und Kindern ohne Migrationshintergrund besteht. Der Abstand zwischen diesen beiden Gruppen hat sich in den letzten zehn Jahren sogar geringfügig erhöht. Nur in Bulgarien und der Slowakischen Republik ist dieser Leistungsabstand noch größer als in Österreich.“
BMBWF (Hrsg.), „Deutschförderklassen und Deutschförderkurse“ (2019), S. 4

„In der Primarstufe ist in Wien die soziale Segregation stark ausgeprägt. In Vorarlberg und im Burgenland ist die soziale Segregation schwach ausgeprägt. In den restlichen Bundesländern ergibt sich eine mittelstarke Segregation.“
BMBWF (Hrsg.), „Nationaler Bildungsbericht Österreich 2018. Band 1“ (2019), S. 114

„Die hohe Schulfreude von Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund und solchen aus bildungsfernen Familien zeigt sich am deutlichsten beim Vergleich nach dem Index der sozialen Benachteiligung. Je höher die soziale Benachteiligung an Schulen ist (Anm.: Gemeint ist: Je größer der Anteil der SchülerInnen aus sozial schwachen Elternhäusern an einer Schule ist), desto höher ist auch das Wohlbefinden der Schüler/innen in diesen Schulen.“
BMBWF (Hrsg.), „Nationaler Bildungsbericht Österreich 2018. Band 1“ (2019), S. 170

„Von den wenigen Schülerinnen und Schülern, deren Eltern maximal einen Pflichtschulabschluss haben (8 % im Jahr 2013, 6 % im Jahr 2015), erreicht jeweils rund ein Drittel die Bildungsstandards nicht (35 % in Lesen, 31 % in Mathematik). Dieser Anteilswert nimmt mit jedem weiteren Bildungsgrad der Eltern monoton ab, bis er schließlich unter den Kindern mit mindestens einem Elternteil mit einem tertiären Abschluss bei 5 % (Lesen) bzw. 4 % (Mathematik) liegt.“
BMBWF (Hrsg.), „Nationaler Bildungsbericht Österreich 2018. Band 1“ (2019), S. 248

„Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Lehrausbildung empirisch in deutlich geringerem Maße als ‚Sackgasse‘ gesehen werden kann, als im öffentlichen Diskurs wiederkehrend thematisiert wird. Obwohl die Literatur v. a. den berufsbildenden Schulen eine Funktion sozialer Aufwärtsmobilität zuschreibt, wird diese auch zu einem hohen Grad über die Lehre realisiert, wenn soziale Aufwärtsmobilität die Einmündung in höhere Berufe mitumfasst.“
BMBWF (Hrsg.), „Nationaler Bildungsbericht Österreich 2018. Band 2“ (2019), S. 273

„Finnland ist […] das Land mit dem niedrigsten Anteil von Bildungsteilnehmern mit Migrationshintergrund unter den Anfängern von Bachelorbildungsgängen: 4 % sind Migranten der ersten Generation und 0,1 % Migranten der zweiten Generation.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Bildung auf einen Blick 2019 (2019), S. 227

„2018 waren 16,0 % der Haushalte bzw. 14,3 % der Bevölkerung armutsgefährdet. Unter den Alleinerziehenden Haushalten mit zumindest einem Kind unter 18 Jahren waren 35,7 % armutsgefährdet. 37,8 % der Personen, die als Kind oder als Elternteil in einem solchen Haushalt leben, waren armutsgefährdet. […] 22,9 % der Haushalte, in denen das jüngste Kind unter 3 Jahre alt war, waren 2018 von Armut gefährdet. Von den Personen, die 2018 in einem Haushalt lebten, in dem das jüngste Kind unter 3 Jahre alt war, waren 22,5 % armutsgefährdet. 17,5 % der Haushalte mit zumindest 1 Kind unter 18 Jahren waren armutsgefährdet, von den Personen, die in einem solchen Haushalt lebten, betraf es 17,4 %.“
ÖIF (Hrsg.), Familien in Zahlen 2019 (2019), S. 79.

„Der mittlere sozioökonomische berufliche Status (HISEI) liegt in Deutschland mit 51.8 Punkten in der Nähe des OECD-Durchschnitts von 52.4 Punkten. […] Besonders hoch und signifikant über dem OECD-Mittelwert liegt der mittlere sozioökonomische berufliche Status in den skandinavischen Staaten (Norwegen, Island, Dänemark, Schweden und Finnland) sowie in Israel. Der mittlere HISEI Norwegens stellt mit 61.6 Punkten den höchsten der OECD-Staaten dar. Ebenfalls sehr hohe Mittelwerte finden sich im Vereinigten Königreich, in Kanada, Neuseeland und Australien. In 13 OECD-Staaten liegt der mittlere sozioökonomische berufliche Status signifikant unter dem OECD-Durchschnitt, beispielsweise in Tschechien, in der Slowakei, in Chile, Kolumbien und Mexiko.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kristina Reiss u.a., PISA 2018. Grundbildung im internationalen Vergleich (2019), S. 136.
Österreich gehört mit nur 50,8 Punkten zu den 13 OECD-Staaten, die sich signifikant unter dem OECD-Durchschnitt befinden. (Quelle: ibidem, Abbildung 6.1.)

„Während die Eltern der Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund nur zu 4 % keinen über die Pflichtschule hinausgehenden Bildungsabschluss erzielt haben, liegt dieser Anteil unter den Eltern der Personen der 2. Generation bei einem Drittel.“
Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „Die 2. Generation – wie gelingt die Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt?“ (2019), S. 3

„Fast jede zweite Person mit Migrationshintergrund (47 %), deren Eltern lediglich einen Pflichtschulabschluss aufwiesen, verfügte 2014 ebenfalls über keinen höheren Bildungsabschluss. In der Bevölkerung ohne Migrationshintergrund wurde das niedrige Bildungsniveau weit weniger oft ‚vererbt‘, nämlich nur zu gut einem Fünftel (22 %).“
Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „migration & integration - zahlen.daten.indikatoren 2019“ (2019), S. 52

„Consistent with most countries around the world, in England educational achievement and higher education access varies substantially by the level of parental income, with many fewer students from poorer backgrounds attending university, particularly the highest status institutions.“
Dr. Jack Britton u. a., „Is Improving Access to University Enough? Socio-Economic Gaps in the Earnings of English Graduates“ (2019), S. 2

„Research shows that differences in academic progress between African American and white students in the United States can be solely accounted for by differences in disciplinary climate. In fact, in schools benefiting from a solid disciplinary climate, African American students have been progressing at the same pace as white students.“
Paul Cahu u. a., „Does School Safety and Classroom Disciplinary Climate Hinder Learning?“ (2019), S. 11

„Reviews of research about school size have consistently found that students benefit when they are in smaller settings where they can be well known, and these effects are strongest for students with the greatest economic and academic needs. These settings include smaller schools as well as small learning communities created within large school buildings, where staff and students work together in smaller units that function as close-knit communities.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Linda Darling-Hammond u. a., Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development (2019), S. 103.

„The use of an intensive parenting style is associated with a much larger improvement in the child’s performance than is the education level of the parents on its own.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Doepke u. a., „Love, Money and Parenting“ (2019), S. 74

PISA 2012: „Children subject to an intensive parenting style perform substantially better than those subject to nonintensive parenting within the same country. The difference is between 14 and 17 points across the three test scores.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Doepke u. a., „Love, Money and Parenting“ (2019), S. 75

PISA 2009: „Reading books with children is associated with an increase in the score of 16 to 18 points across the math, reading, and science tests, while telling stories has an average effect ranging between 2 and 7 points.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Doepke u. a., „Love, Money and Parenting“ (2019), S. 75

„Growing up in a single-parent household can imply special challenges, which start with lower resources (due to having the income of only one person) and continue with greater difficulties in arranging childcare and being able to spend 'quality time' with children. These challenges are especially severe for low-income parents, for whom marked-based childcare may be unaffordable and who sometimes have to carry multiple jobs to make a living.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Doepke u. a., „Love, Money and Parenting“ (2019), S. 136

„Highly educated parents are more likely to raise their children together, to spend more time on childcare, and to engage in parenting styles that are conducive to their children retaining or improving their position on the social ladder.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Doepke u. a., „Love, Money and Parenting“ (2019), S. 146

„In the United States, as the cost of college has risen disproportionately to growth in average incomes, children from poorer families are increasingly constrained in their education choices by their parents’ ability to pay.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Doepke u. a., „Love, Money and Parenting“ (2019), S. 230f

„School-based extra-curricular activity has been identified as being a particularly powerful and positive form of extra-curricular activity for enhancing achievement (i.e., more so than home- or community-based extra-curricular activity). Being school-based, this form of extra-curricular activity tends to increase students’ identification with the school, promote positive school-based values, brings students into closer proximity with teachers who can help them academically, and promote positive peer affiliation – all of which are important factors in academic achievement – and apparently especially effective for low ESCS migrant students.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Against the Odds – Academically resilient students with a migrant background and how they succeed (2019), S. 51f.

„Research shows that high-quality pre-primary education and care can improve children’s socioemotional development and cognitive competences, with children from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds benefiting the most.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Education and Training Monitor 2019 (2019), S. 48.

EU-weit: „While around a third of the overall population with the lowest educational attainment was at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2017, this rate was almost twice as high, at 62.9 %, for children of parents in this group.“
Eurostat (Hrsg.), Smarter, greener, more inclusive? 2019 edition (2019), S. 73.

„Access to private schooling is, for the most part, available only to wealthy households.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 3.

„Most of these schools [private] are of high quality, offering a good educational environment. They deploy very substantial resources; respect the need for a disciplined environment for learning; and give copious attention to generating a positive and therefore motivating experience.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 7.

„Private schools succeed when it comes to preparing their pupils for public exams – the gateway to universities. In 2017 the proportion of private school students achieving A*s and As at A level was 48 per cent, compared to a national average of 26 per cent.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 8.

„The bulk of the private school intake is from well-off families with substantial cultural capital and a high degree of parental support and motivation. Accordingly, the great majority are likely to be well behaved in the classroom and aspirational, thereby creating a mutually encouraging and competitive atmosphere.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 8.

„Many private schools – particularly the best-known – are highly selective academically in determining their intake, with an ability to pay the fees often being inly the first hurdle to jump.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 8.

„Britain’s private schools can deploy resources whose order of magnitude for each child is approximately three times what is available at the average state school.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 11.

„A privately educated man (but not woman) leaving university with exactly the same degree as a state-educational man will later enjoy a pay gap of some 7 to 15 per cent (studies vary in their exact findings) in his favor.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 13.

„Each state school teacher instructs roughly twice the number of pupils faced by teachers in private schools. It is sometimes also claimed that teachers’ skills are greater in the private than in the state sector.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 100.

„For a family on the middle rung of the income ladder, the fees rose between 1980 and 2015 from 20 to 50 per cent of their income, while even for highly affluent families on the 95^th rung the fees doubled from 10 to 20 per cent of their incomes.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 125.

„Most parents of private school teenagers are quite clear in their own minds that they are buying a better academic quality. They believe in the value of very small class sizes and much better equipment.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., Engines of Privilege (2019), S. 131.

„It appears that the cumulative total of gap growth, across every school year and summer from kindergarten through eighth grade, is considerably smaller than the gaps that have already opened before kindergarten begins.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Paul T. von Hippel u. a., Do Test Score Gaps Grow Before, During, or Between the School Years? In: Sociological Science 6 (2019), S. 44f.

„Reading and math gaps grow substantially more in the first five years of life than they do in the nine years after school begins. This finding is consistent with neurocognitive research showing that the brain is more plastic at younger ages.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Paul T. von Hippel u. a., Do Test Score Gaps Grow Before, During, or Between the School Years? In: Sociological Science 6 (2019), S. 75.

„High quality early care and education yields significant benefits – especially for children from low-income and disadvantaged households. Children who attend a high quality preschool for as little as a year can experience improvements in their language, literacy, and mathematics skills.“
ies (Hrsg.), „Are Ratings from Tiered Quality Rating and Improvement Systems Valid Measures of Program Quality?“ (2019), S. 1

„On average, disadvantaged students spent 2.3 hours more online each week. […] Disadvantaged students in Austria and Spain spent 6.3 hours more.“
Dr. Adrien Lorenceau u. a., „Upgrading the ICT questionnaire items in PISA 2021“ (2019), S. 15
Anm.: Als „disadvantaged students“ werden in dieser Untersuchung diejenigen bezeichnet, die zum sozioökonomisch schwächsten Viertel der Gesellschaft gehören.

„In many countries children from low-income households are significantly less likely to participate in early learning despite evidence of its benefits, particularly for vulnerable children.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 11.

„Young children under three years old are especially affected by family stress and material deprivation because of the rapid pace of early brain development.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 17.

„Children from low socio-economic backgrounds are two to three times more likely to develop mental difficulties than those from high socio-economic backgrounds.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 17.

PIAAC: „25 % of adults whose parents had less than an upper secondary education achieved the lowest scores compared to only 5 % of those whose parents had a tertiary education.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 19.

„A number of studies suggest that children from lower socio-economic status families experience particular benefits in the areas of cognitive and social skills development compared to peers from higher socio-economic backgrounds. Participation in ECEC can influence parents to engage more frequently in cognitively stimulating and less passive activities with their children, helping to close the gap between disadvantaged children and children from non-disadvantaged families.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 20.

„In OECD countries, children are overrepresented in income poor households: on average, one in seven children live in income poverty. Child poverty has been on the rise in about two-thirds of OECD countries since the 2008 financial crisis, partly due to the negative impact on employment for the most vulnerable populations.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 58.
In Österreich sind es 14,9 % der Unter-18-Jährigen gegenüber 13,3 % der gesamten Bevölkerung (Stand 2019; Quelle: Eurostat-Datenbank, Abfrage vom 11. November 2020.)

„Participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) can be an important protective factor in the lives of vulnerable children. A number of countries have defined education policies specifically to increase children from lower socio-economic backgrounds. In Scotland (UK), 2-4 year-old children from disadvantaged families are entitled to 16 hours of free provision per week (600 hours/year) since 2014, above the normal number of hours of free provision of around 12 hours per week. In the Netherlands, targeted programs for children from disadvantaged backgrounds (age 3 and 4) are available in both childcare and playgroups.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 117.

Norwegen: „In 2015, a regulation capping the maximum annual fee for ECEC participation at not more than 6 % of the family income was introduced. In addition, children aged 4 and 5 were given the right to 20 free hours of preschool per week, a measure extended to 3 year-old one year later. […] Preliminary findings on Norway indicate that the availability of 20 hours of free pre-schooling increased the participation of minority-language children by 15 %, leading to better results on mapping tests in the first and second grade compared to areas with no intervention (i.e. no free preschool hours allocation).“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 117.

„Making specialised support staff available in schools is key to quickly identifying and addressing the challenges that vulnerable young people may face. Trained psychologists or social workers can be an important first point of call for students, parents and teachers when problems arise.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Changing the Odds for Vulnerable Children (2019), S. 120.

Südkorea: „Households finance around a quarter of the expenditures for upper and post-secondary education and 45 % of expenditures for tertiary education.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Investing in Youth. Korea (2019), S. 22.

„School funding systems may also put rural schools at a disadvantage. Allocations for current expenditure that are primarily based on student enrolment often do not sufficiently reflect the higher costs of delivering comparable programmes and services in low density and remote environments.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Learning in rural schools (2019), S. 29.

„When students, teachers, parents and the school principal know and trust each other, work together, and share information, ideas and goals, students – particularly disadvantaged students – benefit.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2018 Results. What School Life Means for Students’ Lives“ (2019), S. 120

PISA 2018: „The association between socio-economic disadvantage and low performance was statistically significant in all PISA-participating countries and economies, except Macao (China).“
OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2018 Results. Where All Students Can Succeed“ (2019), S. 54

„One of the home possessions that most clearly distinguishes students of different socio-economic status is the number of books at home. While 46 % of advantaged students reported having more than 200 books at home, on average, this is the case for only 6 % of their disadvantaged peers.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2018 Results. Where All Students Can Succeed“ (2019), S. 55

„More academically resilient students are found amongst those who reported better discipline in their schools.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2018 Results. Where All Students Can Succeed“ (2019), S. 70

„Socio-economic disadvantage and language barriers are two of the greatest obstacles to the successful integration of students with an immigrant background. Immigrant students in OECD countries who do not speak the language of assessment at home are around eight percentage points less likely to be academically resilient than native-speaking immigrant students.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Ready to Help? (2019), S. 42.

„Lack of language skills can have a negative impact on the lives and integration of immigrants. Children with an immigrant background who face language barriers are more likely to experience bullying, discrimination and emotional problems like depression and low self-esteem.“
OECD (Hrsg.), The Road to Integration (2019), S. 80.

„There are concerns that school autonomy in recruitment may lead to greater disparities in staff qualifications and experiences among schools, with more advantaged schools being able to attract better candidates.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Working and Learning Together (2019), S. 27.

„Exposure to larger home libraries in adolescence has a positive direct effect on literacy, numeracy and ICT skills even when educational and occupational attainments of adults are controlled for.“
Dr. Joanna Sikora u. a., „Scholarly culture: How books in adolescence enhance adult literacy, numeracy and technology skills in 31 societies“. In: „Social Science Research“ 77 (2019), S. 8

„Home library size has a loglinear effect on cognitive, numerical, and problem-solving skills that endure throughout life.“
Dr. Joanna Sikora u. a., „Scholarly culture: How books in adolescence enhance adult literacy, numeracy and technology skills in 31 societies“. In: „Social Science Research“ 77 (2019), S. 14

Großbritannien: „Schools have long been viewed as the engine for social mobility but we find that gaps between the poorest students and the others are prevalent at all stages in the education system. […] It is time to change the assumption that Britain can thrive economically with an education system that only focusses on the 40 per cent of students that study A Levels.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), State of the Nation 2018-19: Social Mobility in Great Britain (2019), Vorwort, S. V.

„Child poverty has an important influence on social mobility, as children living in poverty can often have worse health, worse educational outcomes and start school developmentally behind their more advantaged counterparts.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), State of the Nation 2018-19: Social Mobility in Great Britain (2019), S. 16f.

„The quality of the home learning environment has been recognised to be the most significant factor in terms of outcomes at age five. Indeed, the range and quality of activities which parents undertake with pre-school children is more strongly associated with children’s social and intellectual development as compared with either parental education or occupation.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), State of the Nation 2018-19: Social Mobility in Great Britain (2019), S. 30.

„Learning at home is also heavily influenced by parents’ use of words and gestures around their children. Movement of the hands or head when having a conversation makes a difference – researchers have found that this strongly correlates with later language ability in their children and that disadvantaged parents are less likely to use gestures, perhaps due to lack of confidence or stress. At the age of 14 months, children from higher socio-economic status (SES) families are gesturing more than their lower SES peers, and this gesture use is related to later vocabulary skill.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), State of the Nation 2018-19: Social Mobility in Great Britain (2019), S. 30.

England: „There are huge disparities in the attainment of children at school, depending on their socio‑economic background. Gaps between children entitled to free school meals and others persist throughout the school years.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), State of the Nation 2018-19: Social Mobility in Great Britain (2019), S. 37.

England: „The gap in attainment in public exams between children who attend independent schools and those who attend state schools is significant.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), State of the Nation 2018-19: Social Mobility in Great Britain (2019), S. 37.

„In England, the pupil teacher ratio in the state sector was 17:1 in 2016 compared to 8.6:1 in the private sector. In practice this means children receive more individual attention, more pastoral support and smaller class sizes. Children from independent schools also typically enjoy a wider range of extra-curricular opportunities than those educated in the state sector. Attending an independent school brings disproportionate privileges in terms of exam results, prestige of position in the labour market, and income.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), State of the Nation 2018-19: Social Mobility in Great Britain (2019), S. 54.

England: „Students at private schools, especially those with the highest fees, have access to high quality teaching and facilities, and much greater levels of resource than schools in the state educational sector. […] Independent school pupils applying to higher education in England are seven times more likely to gain a place at Oxford or Cambridge compared to those from non-selective state schools, and twice as likely to gain a place in the Russell Group.“
The Sutton Trust (Hrsg.), Elitist Britain 2019 (2019), S. 12.

England: „The reality is that the vast majority of disadvantaged young people are educated in the state sector, and in comprehensive schools in particular – and the vast majority of those educated in private schools are from affluent backgrounds.“
The Sutton Trust (Hrsg.), Elitist Britain 2019 (2019), S. 12.

„Schüler/innen mit deutscher Erstsprache weisen im Schnitt eine um 64 Punkte bessere Mathematikkompetenz auf als ihre Kolleginnen und Kollegen mit einer anderen Erstsprache. Diese Unterschiede reduzieren sich auf etwas mehr als 30 Punkte, wenn man jeweils Schüler/innen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund bzw. mit deutscher oder anderer Erstsprache vergleicht, die den gleichen Sozialstatus aufweisen.“
BIFIE (Hrsg.), „Standardüberprüfung 2018. Mathematik, 4. Schulstufe. Bundesergebnisbericht“ (2019), S. 47
Anm.: Etwa 40 Punkte entsprechen dem Lernfortschritt eines Schuljahres.

„In Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland ist die Chancenungerechtigkeit nicht größer als in England, den USA und Finnland – alles Länder mit einer gemeinsamen Sekundarstufe für alle Schüler.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Fend, „Profil“ (Zeitung des dphv) vom November 2018, S. 25

„Among 10-year-olds, the gap in mathematics performance related to socio-economic status is about two-thirds the size of that observed among 25-29 year-olds, on average across 12 OECD countries with comparable data.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus 89“ (Oktober 2018), S. 2

„In all countries and economies that participated in PISA 2015, socio-economic status has considerable influence on students’ performance in science, reading and mathematics. On average across OECD countries, the mean PISA science score among disadvantaged students was 452 points, while among advantaged students it was 540 points. This gap of 88 points is the equivalent of about three full years of schooling.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus 89“ (Oktober 2018), S. 2
In Österreich beträgt die Differenz 97 Punkte. Am größten ist sie in Luxemburg (125 Punkte) und Frankreich (118 Punkte).

„In all countries schools with more advantaged students (as indicated by higher average levels of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status) tend to perform better than schools with more disadvantaged students.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus 88“ (September 2018), S. 3

„Wir können nicht bestätigen, dass ein Ganztagsangebot zum Abbau von sozialen Unterschieden oder einer Verbesserung der Leistung führen würde.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kai Maaz, Die Welt online am 22. Juni 2018

„A majority of countries and economies that participated in PISA 2015 compensate disadvantaged schools with smaller classes and/or lower student-teacher ratios.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus 85“ (Juni 2018), S. 2

„Countries that compensate for disadvantage in schools with smaller classes and lower student-teacher ratios do not, on average, have narrower performance gaps related to socio-economic status.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus 85“ (Juni 2018), S. 4

„An accumulating body of research suggests that early mathematical skills are critical to developing long-run success in school. […] Across the data sets, a consistent pattern emerged: Mathematics achievement at school entry was the strongest predictor of later success in mathematics, and in some cases reading, even when all other characteristics tested were controlled.“
Tyler W. Watts u. a., „What Is the Long-Run Impact of Learning Mathematics During Preschool?“. In: „Child Development“ vom März/April 2018, Vol. 89, No. 2, S. 539

„Eine Wirkung der Ganztagsschule auf die Kompetenzen von Schülern ließ sich bisher nicht nachweisen, auch nicht bei Kindern aus sozial schwachen Familien.“

Univ.-Prof. DDr. Eckhard Klieme, Die Zeit online am 7. Februar 2018

„Im europäischen Vergleich zählt Österreich […] zu den Ländern, in denen die Studierendenschaft relativ repräsentativ zur Wohnbevölkerung zusammengesetzt ist.“

BMBWF (Hrsg.), „Universitätsbericht 2017“ (2018), S. 35

„Zahlreiche Studien zeigen, dass zwischen der sozialen und der gesundheitlichen Lage von Kindern und Jugendlichen ein enger Zusammenhang besteht. Ergebnisse aus den Schuleingangsuntersuchungen der Bundesländer (Anm.: Deutschlands) belegen beispielsweise, dass frühe Gesundheitsstörungen und Entwicklungsverzögerungen vermehrt bei sozial benachteiligten Kindern auftreten. Jene weisen demnach weitaus häufiger körperliche, psychische, kognitive, sprachliche und motorische Entwicklungsdefizite auf als Kinder aus sozial bessergestellten Familien.“

DAK (Hrsg.), „Kinder- und Jugendreport 2018“ (2018), S. 132

„Bereits rund um die Geburt treten deutlich ausgeprägte soziale Unterschiede in der Verbreitung gesundheitsbezogener Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren zutage. […] Je höher der sozioökonomische Status, desto geringer ist der Anteil der Kinder, deren Mutter während der Schwangerschaft geraucht hat.“

DAK (Hrsg.), „Kinder- und Jugendreport 2018“ (2018), S. 138

„Während bei den meisten körperlichen Erkrankungen nur geringe Unterschiede nach dem sozioökonomischen Status festzustellen sind, treten psychische und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten vermehrt bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status auf. […] Kinder und Jugendliche aus der niedrigen Statusgruppe sind zu einem Drittel der Risikogruppe zuzurechnen, während dies auf ein Fünftel der Heranwachsenden aus der mittleren und ein Zehntel derer aus der hohen Statusgruppe zutrifft (33,5 %, 19,0 %, 9,8 %).“

DAK (Hrsg.), „Kinder- und Jugendreport 2018“ (2018), S. 139f

„Wenn ein Kind bis zum Alter von 8 Jahren nicht über ausreichende Lesefähigkeiten verfügt, dann gibt es viele Hinweise darauf, dass es diese Defizite nie mehr aufholen wird.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. John Hattie u. a., „Visible Learning. Auf den Punkt gebracht“ (2018), S. 52

„In der Studie ‚Lebensläufe ins frühe Erwachsenenalter‘ (LifE) wird aufgezeigt, dass es einer Gesamtschule im Vergleich zum dreigliedrigen Schulsystem nicht besser gelingt, für mehr Bildungsgerechtigkeit zu sorgen. In beiden Fällen nämlich besteht ein hoher Zusammenhang zwischen sozioökonomischem Status und Schulabschluss. Gleiches lässt sich für Ganztagsschulen beobachten, die ebenfalls mit dem Ziel antreten, eine bessere Bildung für alle zu ermöglichen, die unabhängig vom sozioökonomischen Status der Eltern ist.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. John Hattie u. a., „Visible Learning. Auf den Punkt gebracht“ (2018), S. 53

„Der sozioökonomische Status der Eltern hat einen großen Einfluss auf die schulische Leistung der Lernenden. Er lässt sich über strukturelle Veränderungen von Schulen kaum beeinflussen.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. John Hattie u. a., „Visible Learning. Auf den Punkt gebracht“ (2018), S. 56

„Von den 25- bis 44-Jährigen, deren Eltern nur über die Pflichtschulbildung verfügten, hatten 14,4 % eine Matura und 6,9 % einen Studienabschluss. Weitere 46,1 % schlossen eine Lehre oder berufsbildende mittlere Schule ab und ein Drittel (32,6 %) beendete ebenfalls keine über die Pflichtschule hinausgehende Ausbildung.“

Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „Erwachsenenbildung. Ergebnisse des Adult Education Survey (AES)“ (2018), S. 23

„Fast jede zweite Person mit Migrationshintergrund (47 %), deren Eltern lediglich einen Pflichtschulabschluss aufwiesen, verfügte 2014 ebenfalls über keinen höheren Bildungsabschluss. In der Bevölkerung ohne Migrationshintergrund wurde das niedrige Bildungsniveau weit weniger oft ‚vererbt‘, nämlich nur zu gut einem Fünftel (22 %).“

Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „migration & integration - zahlen.daten.indikatoren 2018“ (2018), S. 50

„Die Analyse von PISA-Daten zeigt, dass es heute in Deutschland deutlich mehr Schülerinnen und Schüler gibt, die trotz eines eher bildungsfernen Elternhauses solide Kompetenzen in Lesen, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften erwerben. Der Anteil dieser Schülerinnen und Schüler ist hierzulande im vergangenen Jahrzehnt so stark gewachsen wie in kaum einem anderen OECD-Land. Waren es im Jahr 2006 nur 25 Prozent, galten im Jahr 2015 schon 32,3 Prozent der sozioökonomisch benachteiligten Schülerinnen und Schüler als ‚resilient‘, was heißt, dass sie trotz ihres ungünstigen sozioökonomischen Hintergrunds im PISA-Test solide Leistungen zeigen.“

Vodafone Stiftung (Hrsg.), „Erfolgsfaktor Resilienz“ (2018), S. 3

In denselben neun Jahren ist der Anteil resilienter SchülerInnen in Österreich von 28 Prozent auf 23 Prozent zurückgegangen.

Faktoren, die ein positives Schul- und Unterrichtsklima stören und damit Resilienz behindern

• Die Schülerinnen und Schüler hören der Lehrerin/dem Lehrer nicht zu.
• Im Klassenzimmer ist es oft laut, und es geht drunter und drüber.
• Die Lehrerin/der Lehrer muss lange warten, bis die Schülerinnen und Schüler ruhig werden.
• Die Schülerinnen und Schüler können nicht ungestört arbeiten.
• Die Schülerinnen und Schüler fangen erst lange nach Beginn der Stunde an zu arbeiten.

Vodafone Stiftung (Hrsg.), „Erfolgsfaktor Resilienz“ (2018), S. 9

„Our results reveal that resilient students attend schools with a positive school climate, i.e. schools where students and teachers work together in an orderly environment and student truancy is low.“

Prof. Dr. Tommaso Agasisti u. a., „Academic resilience“ (2018), S. 7

„The highest shares of resilient students are found in Hong Kong (China) with 53 % and Macao (China) with 52 %.“

Prof. Dr. Tommaso Agasisti u. a., „Academic resilience“ (2018), S. 11

„Students who do not speak the language of instruction at home are only about half as likely to be resilient, compared to students who speak the language of instruction at home, after accounting for socio-economic status.“

Prof. Dr. Tommaso Agasisti u. a., „Academic resilience“ (2018), S. 25

„Across the vast majority of education systems examined, the likelihood that disadvantaged students will be resilient is higher in schools where students report a good disciplinary climate, compared to schools with more disruptive environments, even after accounting for differences in student and school socio-economic status and other factors associated with resilience. Attending orderly classes in which students can focus and teachers provide well-paced instruction is beneficial for all students, but particularly so for the most vulnerable students.“

Prof. Dr. Tommaso Agasisti u. a., „Academic resilience“ (2018), S. 34

„Recent challenges to the school system in Hong Kong include an increase in ethnic- and language-minority students and an increase in social segregation as some of the most prestigious public schools have become private.“
Asia Society (Hrsg.), New Challenges and opportunities (2018), S. 13f.

„There is evidence that, in general, children from lower SES families experience less developmentally enhancing activities at home, exposure to books, reading, and verbal interactions with parents in comparison to higher SES children. And that parental cognitive stimulation affects student intrinsic motivation above and beyond the effect of SES. […] Interest and enjoyment are fostered to a substantial degree through the students’ exposure to and experiences with cognitively stimulating learning activities and the provision of learning materials. Socially disadvantaged children are often deprived of these experiences within their home environments.“

Dr. Daniel H. Caro, „Socio‑economic gaps in subject interest: the mediating role of parental cognitive involvement“. In: „Large-scale Assessments in Education“ (2018), 6:13, S. 6

„The difference in test results between those from the wealthiest and poorest socio-economic backgrounds has continuously widened since 2006.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Education and Training Monitor 2018 (2018), S. 9.

„Socio-economic status continues to have an important influence on education outcomes. Recent national and international test results, in particular from the 2016 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) on the reading competences of 10 year-olds, confirm significant performance gaps. The difference in test results between those from the wealthiest and poorest socio-economic backgrounds has continuously widened since 2006.“
EU-Kommission, Education and Training Monitor 2018 (2018), S. 11.

„Comparing OECD PISA 2006 and 2015 in science performance, equity indicators showed a significant deterioration. Of three main determinants of inequalities reviewed in a recent study — low educational level of parents, unemployment or receipt of social assistance — the latter has the greatest impact on the education outcomes of children. Foreign-born students not only leave education more often, they also tend to repeat grades.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Education and Training Monitor 2018 (2018), S. 95.

Frankreich: „The type of secondary school-leaving diploma (the ‘baccalauréat’) obtained is strongly dependent on a pupil's socio-economic background. While 77 % of children whose parents are managers have a general education diploma and 9 % of them a vocational diploma, the corresponding proportions for children of blue-collar workers are 34 % and 44 %. Similar findings hold true for higher education. To improve basic skills and reduce inequalities, France is lowering the starting age of compulsory education from six to three starting in September 2019. The measure targets those few children who do not participate in early childhood education and care (ECEC), most of whom are from disadvantaged and immigrant backgrounds. The focus will be on language acquisition and well-being as foundations for building basic skills. All children ages 4-6 already participate in ECEC.“
EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), Education and Training Monitor 2018 (2018), S. 105.

„Children of lower and higher educated parents are increasingly separated into different schools. The parental choice system in the Netherlands is contributing to creating more segregated schools and strengthens the effects of residential separation.“
EU-Kommission, Education and Training Monitor 2018 (2018), S. 212.

„On average, 54 % of students who took the 2015 PISA assessment reported that they felt bad when no Internet connection was available. […] In European countries, socio-economically advantaged students were less likely to report that they felt bad without available Internet connection, compared to disadvantaged students.“

Julie Hooft Graafland, „New technologies and 21st century children“ (2018), S. 12

„1 standard deviation increase in average test scores increases prices on average by 3%, which is comparable to findings from the UK and the USA.“
Dr. Oskari Harjunen u. a., „Best Education Money Can Buy? Capitalization of School Quality in Finland“. In: „CESifo Economic Studies“ (2018), S. 150

„Participation in high-quality early education programs can help to prepare the ground for children’s future schooling outcomes and has the potential to mitigate the socioeconomic and educational inequalities of diverse family backgrounds. Interventions that compensate for a lack of early learning activities in the home should be implemented as early as possible for all children, as later measures are likely to be more costly, challenging and less efficient at achieving the desired outcomes.“

IEA (Hrsg.), „Preparing the ground: The importance of early learning activities at home for fourth grade student achievement” (2018), S. 8

Macao und Japan: „The impact of high quality early years provision is well proven, with the greatest impact being for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Yet, in many systems around the world, children from disadvantaged homes are the least likely to engage in such provision, due to issues of funding and access. By contrast, Macao and Japan – two of the high performing, high equity systems listed above – stand out as systems where advantaged and disadvantaged children are equally likely to attend high quality early years settings.“

Dr. John Jerrim u. a., „Educational disadvantage: how does England compare?“ (2018), S. 25

„In the Netherlands, extended schools include other services for children, such as childcare providers, health and welfare services, and sports and cultural institutions. These schools mostly serve disadvantaged students. The purpose of this cooperation is to promote children’s development by offering them help where necessary with problems at school or in their home setting, as well as by offering additional activities (e.g., culture, sport), with which they normally have little contact; and in some cases, additional instruction.

Dr. John Jerrim u. a., „Educational disadvantage: how does England compare?“ (2018), S. 36

„Improving access to good-quality care and preschool programmes for children from disadvantaged backgrounds is essential. Good-quality affordable childcare can be instrumental in giving children the best start in life and reduce early gaps in speaking and other cognitive skills. Preschool attendance can make a large difference for later educational and learning outcomes.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility“ (2018), S. 40

„Apprenticeship training, i.e. combining work and study within a firm-based approach from day one, are particularly effective in smoothing school-to-work transitions, which is essential to promote intergenerational mobility.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility“ (2018), S. 44

„In England in 2012 approaching one-third (29 %) of 16-24 year-olds had weak basic skills in the sense of numeracy and/or literacy below Level 2 in the PIAAC survey, one of the highest levels among OECD countries in the survey, and three times the level of a strong performer like the Netherlands (9 %) and substantially more than – say – Germany (19 %). While those from less advantaged family backgrounds are everywhere more likely to suffer from weak basic skills, this factor of inheritance is stronger in England than in most other countries.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Apprenticeship in England, United Kingdom“ (2018), S. 92

Österreich: „Not only do those from Turkey and the former Yugoslavia achieve lower levels of education, but their children are also less likely than other groups to be upwardly mobile and achieve a higher level of education than their parents. 77 % of the children of natives move upward if their parents have only compulsory education, compared to only 51 % among the offspring of immigrants.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Catching Up? Country Studies on Intergenerational Mobility and Children of Immigrants“ (2018), S. 12

„While the sons of immigrants (both Turkish and Yugoslav) are more likely to obtain a higher level of education compared to their parents than natives’ sons, the daughters of immigrants are less likely than the daughters of native-born parents to be upwardly mobile. 63 % of daughters of native-born parents compared to only 46 % of the daughters of immigrants obtain a higher level of education than their mothers.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Catching Up? Country Studies on Intergenerational Mobility and Children of Immigrants“ (2018), S. 12

„The probability of achieving an apprenticeship certificate is 61 % for those of native descent if the highest level of the parents’ education is at most compulsory schooling, compared to just 37 % among the native children of immigrants.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Catching Up? Country Studies on Intergenerational Mobility and Children of Immigrants“ (2018), S. 12

„There is a significant and positive relationship between the educational attainment of parents and their children in Sweden.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Catching Up? Country Studies on Intergenerational Mobility and Children of Immigrants“ (2018), S. 122

„On average among 15 year-olds across the 12 OECD countries with comparable data, more than two-thirds of the gap in mathematics scores associated with having more books at home was already observed at age 10.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education“ (2018), S. 30
In Österreich waren es sogar schon über 77 Prozent.

„In Australia, Canada and Greece […], and also in the Czech Republic, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United States, inequity grows significantly during adolescence.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education“ (2018), S. 39

„In Australia, Canada, England, the Netherlands and Norway, inequity increases significantly during early adulthood (as measured by the Survey of Adult Skills among 25-29 year-olds)“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education“ (2018), S. 39

„Early childhood education and care are critical vehicles for providing more equitable learning environments early on.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education“ (2018), S. 40

„Students’ motivation to achieve the best they can in school and in their lives in general is one of the attitudes that make a difference. […] 16 % of highly motivated students are nationally resilient students and 9 % are among students who reported low motivation to achieve.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education“ (2018), S. 107f

„In Canada, the magnitude of the socio-economic gap in mathematics achievement at age 10 (as measured by the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study [TIMSS]) is about 43 % as large as the gap observed among 15 year-olds (as measured by PISA), and about 32 % as large as the gap in numeracy proficiency among 25-29 year-olds (as measured by the Survey of Adult Skills [PIAAC].“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility. Country Note Canada“ (2018), S. 2
In Österreich geht die sozioökonomisch bedingte Leistungsschere in erster Linie im ersten Lebensjahrzehnt auf: mit 10 sind schon über 77 % der sozioökonomisch bedingten Leistungsdifferenz mit 15 und über 66 % der mit 25-29 gegeben.

Großbritannien: „Some 15 % of disadvantaged students in the United Kingdom are 'socially and emotionally resilient', meaning that they are satisfied with their life, feel socially integrated at school and do not suffer from test anxiety.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility. Country Note United Kingdom“ (2018), S. 2
Im OECD-Durchschnitt sind es 26 %, in Österreich 28 %.

„In England, adults with tertiary-educated parents were nine times more likely to complete tertiary education than adults with low-educated parents.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity in Education: Breaking Down Barriers to Social Mobility. Country Note United Kingdom“ (2018), S. 3
In England ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit 9,3 Mal so groß, im OECD-Durchschnitt ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit sogar 11,1 Mal so groß, in Österreich 7,0 Mal so groß.

„In Norway, children born into low socio-economic backgrounds face a higher risk of becoming NEET in their youth. Young people whose mother did not have an uppersecondary education are more than twice as likely to be NEET as the children of tertiary educated mothers. This effect is strongest for 15-19 year-olds, indicating a particularly strong effect of parental education on upper-secondary school drop-out.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Investing in Youth: Norway“ (2018), S. 44

Norwegen: „Having grown-up in a household with parents who were not gainfully employed puts young people at a disadvantage – those whose father was not working when they were 16 years old are twice as likely to be NEET as those whose father was working, a somewhat bigger cleavage than in Germany.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Investing in Youth: Norway“ (2018), S. 44f

„Young people whose parents do not have upper-secondary education are less likely to graduate themselves in all countries for which data are available. In Norway, however, only half of them achieve an upper-secondary degree within five years, compared to 56 % in Sweden and 57 % in Finland. The gap between the completion rates of the children of tertiary and lower-secondary educated parents is higher than in any other country for which data are available.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Investing in Youth: Norway“ (2018), S. 94f

„In Helsinki, parents’ perceptions of school quality can be reflected in housing prices and reinforce residential segregation, especially in high density areas with an inelastic supply of land. Since measures of school quality are not publicly available in Finland, this effect appears to be primarily driven by parents’ perceptions of a school’s socio-demographic student composition.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Responsive School Systems“ (2018), S. 179

„Providing multiple pathways and educational programmes raises the chances of meeting the interests of a diverse student population and the skills demands of a differentiated labour market. Challenges stemming from the integration of students from different socio-economic backgrounds, immigrants, students with special educational needs or those uninspired by traditional academic content have led countries to explore different policy options to cover the full spectrum of educational demand and provide 'made-to-measure curricula' for students. Notably, this has resulted in multiple strands of offers, programmes and schools, which often raise efficiency and equity concerns.“
OECD (Hrsg.), „Responsive School Systems“ (2018), S. 241

„In the Netherlands, young children, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, are entitled to receive language-development support. These children can participate in early childhood and education targeted programmes that provide support before and during the first years of school. All toddlers (2.5 to 4 years old) who are part of this programme receive 10 hours of language development per week. For the rest of the day, targeted toddlers attend the same early childhood and education programme as their non-targeted peers.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „The Resilience of Students with an Immigrant Background“ (2018), S. 271

„Children’s early life experiences during sensitive periods of neural plasticity shape the brain structures and functions underlying their cognitive aptitudes. One critical experience is language exposure. Specifically, the language quantity (e.g., number of words) and quality (e.g., sentence complexity, lexical diversity) that young children hear are the foundation of later language and literacy skills and nonverbal capacities, including executive functioning, math ability, and social skills. Children’s language exposure varies substantially in relation to their socioeconomic status (SES).“

Dr. Rachel R. Romeo u. a., „Beyond the 30-Million-Word Gap: Children’s Conversational Exposure Is Associated With Language-Related Brain Function“. In: „Psychological Science“, 2018, Vol. 29(5), S. 700

„Traditional two-parent married family structures are becoming increasingly rare and researchers are finding that non-traditional family structures, such as single-parent or step-parent families, are associated with worse educational outcomes at all ages. Very young children in single-parent households have worse language development than children in traditional two-parent households. Young children in single-parent households are also less likely to attend ECCE. In middle childhood, children who grow up in single-parent households tend to have lower language, reading, and math grades and test scores, as well as lower cognitive ability than their peers who grow up in traditional households. This pattern continues in adolescence, when living in a single-parent household is associated with worse language and math grades and test scores and a greater likelihood of dropping out of secondary education. Young adults from single-parent households are also less likely to enroll in and complete an academic post-secondary degree than young adults from traditional households.“

Dr. Anika Schenck-Fontaine u. a., „Sociodemographic Inequalities in Education over the Life Course: An Interdisciplinary Review“ (2018), S. 10f

„In early childhood, children of less educated parents have worse executive functioning and delayed language development relative to children of highly educated parents. […] Young children of less educated mothers are also less likely to be placed in ECCE, though they benefit more from their ECCE experiences than children of highly educated parents.“

Dr. Anika Schenck-Fontaine u. a., „Sociodemographic Inequalities in Education over the Life Course: An Interdisciplinary Review“ (2018), S. 12

„Children of less educated parents enter primary school with notably worse math, language, and reading skills relative to children of highly educated parents, and these skills gaps remain constant or increase through middle childhood. Even accounting for other SES factors, low parental education is associated with lower math and reading competence test scores for children.“

Dr. Anika Schenck-Fontaine u. a., „Sociodemographic Inequalities in Education over the Life Course: An Interdisciplinary Review“ (2018), S. 12

„Maternal education is a powerful predictor of early learning outcomes.“
Dr. Elizabeth A. Shuey u. a., „The Power and Promise of Early Learning“ (2018), S. 39

„A large body of research demonstrates that greater household income (and the family characteristics that go along with it) is associated with children’s better academic achievement, educational attainment and social and emotional skills.“
Dr. Elizabeth A. Shuey u. a., „The Power and Promise of Early Learning“ (2018), S. 40

„A number of correlational studies suggest that children from lower socioeconomic status families experience particular benefits from participation in ECEC programmes (Anm.: ECEC = Early Childhood Education and Care), relative to their peers from higher socioeconomic status families.“
Dr. Elizabeth A. Shuey u. a., „The Power and Promise of Early Learning“ (2018), S. 56

„Participation in ECEC (Anm.: ECEC = Early Childhood Education and Care) does not close the academic performance gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students, even when accounting for the duration of exposure to ECEC (i.e. age of entry to ECEC): Students from higher socioeconomic status households outperform their peers from lower socioeconomic status households.“
Dr. Elizabeth A. Shuey u. a., „The Power and Promise of Early Learning“ (2018), S. 56

„In a series of studies examining self-regulation among a sample of United States pre-schoolers from a university community, delay of gratification at age 4 was associated with higher levels of cognitive and self-regulatory competence and coping at age 16, including higher scores on the standardised college entrance exams.“
Dr. Elizabeth A. Shuey u. a., „The Power and Promise of Early Learning“ (2018), S. 29

„For children from disadvantaged backgrounds, adversities begin to accumulate before they are born. […] Steep socioeconomic gradients in cognitive, linguistic, and early literacy development help determine school outcomes. Language and cognitive gaps are evident before a child’s first birthday.“

The World Bank (Hrsg.), „Learning to Realize Education's Promise“ (2018), S. 78

„In France, the difference in science performance on the 2015 PISA between the richest and the poorest students was 115 points. […] A 100-point difference in PISA scores is roughly equivalent to three years of schooling.“

The World Bank (Hrsg.), „Learning to Realize Education's Promise“ (2018), S. 78

„Differences caused by family background are strongest in countries such as Hungary and Luxembourg, where children from richer and poorer families tend to go to different schools.“
UNICEF (Hrsg.), „An Unfair Start. Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries“ (2018), S. 4

„Bedrückend ist die zunehmende Leistungskluft zwischen Kindern von Eltern mit maximal Pflichtschulabschluss und Akademikerkindern. Diese Differenz beträgt derzeit im Mittel 96 Punkte, was rund drei bis vier Lernjahren entspricht. […] Damit scheitern die Volksschulen bei ihrer wichtigsten schulischen und demokratischen Aufgabe: dem Ausgleich unterschiedlicher Startbedingungen.“

Mag. Dr. Wolfgang Feller, Projektleiter Bildung der „Agenda Austria“, Der Standard online am 28. Dezember 2017

„Nur 10 bis 15 Prozent der Unterschiede lassen sich überhaupt auf Strukturen in der Schule zurückführen. Viel prägender sind Faktoren wie Herkunft, Muttersprache oder finanzielle Situation und Bildungsgrad der Familie. Wenn man also wirklich weniger Ungleichheit in der Gesellschaft schaffen will, muss man beginnen, auch Vermögen radikaler umzuverteilen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Hopmann, progress-online.at am 21. Juni 2017

„In Wahrheit stammen in Österreich verglichen mit anderen Ländern relativ viele Studierende aus Elternhäusern, in denen weder Vater noch Mutter einen akademischen Abschluss haben, nämlich rund 67 Prozent. […] Damit liegt Österreich im europäischen Vergleich sehr gut.“

Agenda Austria, Presseaussendung vom 5. Mai 2017

„Die Idee, dass man durch eine Einheitsschule mehr soziale Gerechtigkeit oder Bildungsgerechtigkeit schaffen könnte, ist längst eindeutig widerlegt worden. Helmut Fend hat mit Bedauern festgestellt, dass es keine Unterschiede zwischen einem gegliederten und einem Einheitsschulsystem bezüglich der sozialen Gerechtigkeit gibt.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Dollase, „Profil“ (Zeitung des dphv) vom März 2017, S. 32

„In Finnland gibt es so wenig Arbeiterkinder an den Unis wie nirgends sonst in der Europäischen Union, trotz eines lückenlosen Gesamtschulsystems.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Dollase, „Profil“ (Zeitung des dphv) vom März 2017, S. 32

„Stark differences have been reported between the parenting style of high-income and low-income families and these are associated with children’s outcomes in later life. […] 'Positive parenting', which includes a high level of warmth, low levels of harsh discipline, firmness in setting boundaries and engagement with the child in activities that foster learning and development, can improve children’s outcomes. The way parents engage and communicate with their children is integral to their parenting style.“
Social Mobility Commission (Hrsg.), „Helping Parents to Parent“, 20. Februar 2017, S. 11

„So erreichen Kinder, die zumindest einen Elternteil mit einem universitären Abschluss haben, im Schnitt 573 Punkte, während Kinder von Eltern mit maximal Pflichtschulabschluss 477 Punkte erreichen. Die Differenz zwischen diesen beiden Gruppen beträgt somit 96 Punkte (statistisch signifikant), was mehr als einer Kompetenzstufe und damit etwa 3–4 Lernjahren entspricht.“

BIFIE (Hrsg.), „PIRLS 2016. Die Lesekompetenz am Ende der Volksschule. Erste Ergebnisse“ (2017), S. 67

Der Abstand ist im letzten Jahrzehnt von 79 auf 96 Punkte angewachsen.

„Die Bildungsstandardüberprüfung in Deutsch/Lesen/Schreiben, 4. Schulstufe, aus dem Jahr 2015 zeigt einen deutlichen Zusammenhang zwischen den Bildungsabschlüssen der Eltern und der Leseleistung der Kinder auf der 4. Schulstufe: Je höher die formale Qualifikation der Eltern, desto eher werden höhere Kompetenzstufen erreicht. Auch bei PIRLS 2016 ist wieder ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen der Bildung der Eltern und den Schülerleistungen gegeben“

BIFIE (Hrsg.), „PIRLS 2016. Die Lesekompetenz am Ende der Volksschule. Erste Ergebnisse“ (2017), S. 67

„Unter den Kindern mit akademisch gebildeten Eltern sind weniger als 5 % leseschwach, während dies auf fast die Hälfte (47 %) der Schüler/innen, deren Eltern maximal einen Pflichtschulabschluss aufweisen, zutrifft.“

BIFIE (Hrsg.), „PIRLS 2016. Die Lesekompetenz am Ende der Volksschule. Erste Ergebnisse“ (2017), S. 68

„Ergebnisse einer Regressionsanalyse zeigen, dass im Jahr 2016 15 Punkte (= 29 %) des gesamten Leistungsunterschieds von 51 Punkten durch ein – nach Zuwanderungshintergrund – unterschiedlich hohes kulturelles Kapital (in Form von Buchbesitz) in den Familien erklärt werden konnen. Dies weist darauf hin, dass ein Großteil des Kompetenzunterschieds zwischen Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund nicht auf unterschiedliche soziale Lagen zurückgeführt werden kann.“

BIFIE (Hrsg.), „PIRLS 2016. Die Lesekompetenz am Ende der Volksschule. Erste Ergebnisse“ (2017), S. 78f

„Internationale empirische Studien bestätigen, dass höhere Bildungsinvestitionen und eine bessere finanzielle Ausstattung von Schulen mit besseren Bildungsergebnissen einhergehen. Der Effekt ist für Schüler aus wirtschaftlich schwächeren und/oder zugewanderten Familien, respektive für leistungsschwache Schüler stärker.“

Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln (Hrsg.), „Bildungsmonitor 2017“ (2017), S. 15

„Insgesamt erreichten 43 % der 15- bis 34-Jährigen den gleichen formalen Bildungsabschluss wie ihre Eltern. Der Trend zur Höherqualifizierung verdeutlicht sich darin, dass rund ein Drittel (33 %) der jungen Erwachsenen einen höheren Bildungsabschluss als ihre Eltern erreichte. Knapp ein Viertel (24 %) schloss die Bildungslaufbahn dagegen mit einem niedrigeren formalen Bildungsabschluss als ihre Eltern ab.“

Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „Junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt“ (2017), S. 16

„2009 verfügten 32 % der jungen Erwachsenen […], deren Eltern maximal einen Pflichtschulabschluss erreicht haben, ebenfalls nur über maximal einen Pflichtschulabschluss. Im Jahr 2016 ist dieser Anteil auf 42 % gestiegen.“

Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „Junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt“ (2017), S. 41

„Insbesondere Kinder aus sozioökonomisch schwachen Familien, mit geringem Vorwissen oder mit ungünstigen Lernvoraussetzungen können in offenen Lernsituationen überfordert sein und dementsprechend weniger lernen als im lehrergelenkten Unterricht.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Miriam Vock u. a., „Umgang mit Heterogenität in Schule und Unterricht“ (2017), S. 70f

„Eine gute Ausbildung braucht ein gutes Fundament. Daher muss Bildung bereits im Elementarbereich beginnen. Dies gilt umso mehr für die sozioökonomisch schwächsten Glieder der Gesellschaft. Vorschulische Sprachförderung in Deutsch hilft Befähigungsunterschiede aufgrund der Herkunft auszugleichen.“

Migrationsrat für Österreich (Hrsg.), „Bericht des Migrationsrats“ (2017), Einlage „Bildung und Forschung“

„Ein systematischer Zusammenhang des Ganztagsschulbesuchs mit der Verbesserung von Schulleistungen konnte bislang nicht nachgewiesen werden. Ganztagsschulen sind zudem nicht in der Lage, herkunftsbedingte Ungleichheiten in der Bildungsförderung abzubauen.“

Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Kinder- und Jugendhilfe (Hrsg.), „Deutscher Kinder- und Jugend(-hilfe) MONITOR 2017“ (2017), S. 12

„Von den 15- bis 34-Jährigen, deren Eltern maximal eine Pflichtschule abgeschlossen haben, schaffen 23 % der Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund ebenfalls nur die Pflichtschule als höchsten Abschluss. Hingegen schließen von den Personen mit Migrationshintergrund 50 % wie ihre Eltern höchstens mit der Pflichtschule ab.“

Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „Junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt“ (2017), S. 40

„A home environment, where there is good communication about IU (Anm.: IU = Internet Use) was shown to lower an adolescent’s PIU (Anm.: PIU = Problematic Internet Use) risk. Furthermore, less protective parenting, low family functioning, lower parental education and divorced or less positively related parental couples, were found to be related to higher PIU.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Emma Louise Anderson u. a., „Internet use and Problematic Internet Use“. In: „International Journal of Adolescence and Youth“, Vol. 22, 2017, S. 447

„Children who have a solid grounding in early developing skills are in a better position to gain from instruction that is focused on more advanced skills. Learning letter words and sounds supports the development of vocabulary and the capacity to share well-formed narratives, while learning to count supports children’s understanding of mathematical concepts such as cardinality, relative size, and problem-solving (calculating, measuring) skills.“
Dr. Margaret R. Burchinal, „The Current State of Scientific Knowledge on Pre-Kindergarten Effects“ (2017), S. 23

„Pre-k programs are likely to generate larger benefits for economically disadvantaged children than for their more advantaged peers.“
Dr. Margaret R. Burchinal, „The Current State of Scientific Knowledge on Pre-Kindergarten Effects“ (2017), S. 35

„The difference in the shares of low achievers in PISA between pupils from the bottom and top 25 % segment of the PISA index of socio-economic and cultural status (ESCS) is striking. As many as 33.8 % pupils from the bottom 25 % segment do not reach the basic level of competence in science, while only 7.6 % of those among the top 25 % on the ESCS index do not reach that level.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Education and Training Monitor 2017“ (2017), S. 10

„Teacher recommendations for secondary school tracks carry greater force in some federal states than in others and this in turn moderates the strength of social background effects on educational transitions: Background effects tend to be weaker when teacher recommendations are binding than when they are nonbinding.“

Dr. Jan Paul Heisig, „Measuring the signaling value of educational degrees: secondary education systems and the internal homogeneity of educational groups“ (2017), S. 27

„Access to education and training remains unequal, with low participation rates among individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds and low-skilled individuals. Vocational education remains an unattractive option among students and their parents, and labour market outcomes for some vocational tracks are poor.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Getting Skills Right. France“ (2017), S. 10

„Too few young Italians from disadvantaged backgrounds tend to choose the licei when, instead, they would have the adequate skills and abilities to do so. […] Socioeconomic background rather than merit seem (Anm.: SIC) to play a much more important role in Italy than in Germany when it comes to enrolment to different types of schools.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Getting Skills Right. Italy“ (2017), S. 94

„Studies show that children from high SES families receive far more words of praise from their parents than children from low SES families. […] Children from high SES families experience, on average, six encouragements for every discouragement. Children from families with the lowest socioeconomic statuses receive two discouragements for every encouragement.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 64

„Studies indicate that the gap in mathematics performance among children from different backgrounds appears at as early as 3 years old. Evidence shows that children from disadvantaged backgrounds can keep pace with their peers if they receive targeted intervention early on numeracy.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 67

USA: „Schools serving low-income students receive far fewer resources, face greater difficulties attracting qualified teachers and receive less support from parents. […] The inequalities of children's cognitive ability are substantial even before they start school and then these same disadvantaged children are placed in low-resource schools, further exacerbating the initial inequality.“

Sophia Shing u. a., „Mobile Technology Bridges the 30 Million Word Gap“. In: „Journal of Education at Practice“, Vo8, Nr. 9, 2017, S. 64

„Basic skills of young adults are […] strongly related to parental education in England, much more so than in other OECD countries. Young people born into households where neither parent attained at least upper secondary education face inherent disadvantages in accessing quality education and labour market opportunities.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Getting Skills Right: United Kingdom“ (2017), S. 23

Chile, Frankreich, Polen, die Türkei und Großbritannien

„These countries show exceptionally large gaps between the socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged groups. This suggests that disadvantaged children from these countries are less likely to obtain the skills necessary for today’s technology-rich and versatile labour markets and improve their socio-economic status.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 18

„In a number of countries, equity outcomes have deteriorated in the last nine years. In Finland and Korea, for example, the gap in science performance between students from different socio-economic backgrounds has widened.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 20

„The score-point difference in numeracy between those who have highly educated parents and those who do not among 20-29 year-old adults is largest in Chile, England (United Kingdom) and Israel. In addition, 80 % of 20-29 year-olds with poorly educated parents in the Slovak Republic, 65 % in England (United Kingdom) and 61 % in Israel scored below the baseline (Level 2) numeracy proficiency in the Survey of Adult Skills.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 37

„Finland, one of the top five performers in science in 2015, saw a 10 score-point increase in the average impact of socio-economic status on science performance and a 1.8 percentage point increase in performance variation explained by students’ socio-economic status.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 38

„By the age of three, children with high SES (Anm.: SES = Socioeconomic status) know many more words than children with low SES. […] Three-year-old children from low SES families may hear up to 30 million fewer words than their high SES counterparts. They also found that 86-98 % of the words used by three-year-old children were derived from their parents’ vocabularies.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 63

„In Canada, Israel, Korea, Luxemburg and the Russian Federation, more than half of the variation in mean performance is explained by parents’ levels of education.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Educational Opportunity for All“ (2017), S. 79

„The skill level of children is strongly influenced by socio-economic background, and more so in France than in other OECD countries. Moreover, the influence of socio-economic factors on educational outcomes has increased over time, making the French current educational system more unequal than it was in 2003.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Getting Skills Right. France“ (2017), S. 23

„Japanese pupils achieved excellent scores in all PISA rounds, and adults were the best-performers in the PIAAC Survey of Adult Skills. Japan scores well also in terms of educational equity: socio-economic background matters less for academic performance than in most other OECD countries.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Investing in Youth: Japan“ (2017), S. 139

„29 percent of the students were able to perform early literacy tasks very well when they began primary school. These students had higher reading achievement in the fourth grade than their classmates who started school with only moderate literacy skills or few skills.“

IEA (Hrsg.), „PIRLS 2016. International Results in Reading“ (2017) Einleitung S.X

In Österreich sind es mit nur 13 % nicht einmal halb so viele. (Quelle: ibidem, S. 168)

„A significant share of students still leave education without upper secondary degree. […] The family background of students is a strong determinant for the probability of early school leaving. In general, education outcomes in France are strongly influenced by the socio-economic background of the individual.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Getting Skills Right. France“ (2017), S. 64

Italien: „In Italy, students whose parents have not attained tertiary education are much less likely to enrol in university themselves. The effect of family background on enrolment is greater in Italy than in most other OECD countries.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report Italy 2017“ (2017), S. 74

„On average across the OECD countries, the performance difference associated with a one-unit increase in the PISA ESCS index is equivalent to more than one year of schooling. The biggest impact of all is found in France, where a one-unit increase in the ESCS index is associated with an average improvement across the three subjects of 56 score points, the equivalent of almost two years’ schooling.“

UNICEF (Hrsg.), „Building the Future. Children and the Sustainable Development Goals in Rich Countries“ (2017), S. 41

Anmerkung: In Österreich sind es 44 Punkte, in Finnland und Deutschland 39 Punkte.

„In all PISA countries and economies except Belgium and Switzerland, disadvantaged students have lower levels of achievement motivation than advantaged students.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015. Students’ Well-Being“ (2017), S. 94

„Research confirms that by the age of 3, children from low-income homes hear 30 million less words than children from more affluent families. Research has even revealed that the gap begins as early as 18 months of age.“

Sophia Shing u. a., „Mobile Technology Bridges the 30 Million Word Gap“. In: „Journal of Education at Practice“, Vol. 8, Nr. 9, 2017, S. 64

„High-quality VET programmes and multiple pathways within the education system, as in Austria and Germany, may provide greater opportunities for success at school and beyond, and thus neutralise the relationship between parental educational background and skills dispersion at earlier stages of education.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Skills Outlook 2017“ (2017), S. 129

„We recognise that early education and childcare can have multiple goals but from the perspective of narrowing gaps in child development and promoting social mobility, quality must be primary. For that reason, measures to improve quality of provision should be the key priority in this area.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kitty Stewart u. a., „Closing Gaps Early: The Role of Early Years Policy in Promoting Social Mobility in England“ (2017), S. 37

„A study carried out in 91 schools in England among children aged 11–16 found that banning mobile phones had a positive effect on their standardized test scores. What’s more, the effect was strongest for low-performing students and absent for the best-performing, which suggests that technology in some cases can have a negative effect on low-achieving students.“

UNICEF (Hrsg.), „Children in a Digital World“ (2017), S. 22

„Es gibt keinen messbaren Nachweis, dass die Ganztagsschule die Chancengleichheit fördert.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Hopmann, Der Standard online am 24. November 2016

„Schulranking bewirkt die Entmischung der Schülerpopulation, weil gebildete und einkommensstarke Familien ihre Kinder eher in Schulen mit höchsten Leistungsergebnissen anmelden als Eltern mit niedrigen Bildungsabschlüssen. In der Folge steigen in deren Umgebung die Haus- und Mietpreise und die besten Lehrer/innen der Schüler/innen aus benachteiligten Milieus resignieren wegen mangelnder Unterstützung und wandern in die erfolgreicheren Schulen ab.“

Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Rauch u. a., „Auswirkungen von Schulrankings auf Unterricht, Schulorganisation und Bildungssystem“ (November 2016), S. 23

„In allen Ländern erweisen sich geringes Familieneinkommen und niedriger Bildungsabschluss der Eltern als Hauptursachen für schlechte Schülerleistungen.“

Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Rauch u. a., „Auswirkungen von Schulrankings auf Unterricht, Schulorganisation und Bildungssystem“ (November 2016), S. 21

„Einig ist sich die Forschung […] darüber, dass lernschwächere Schüler weitaus mehr auf die Unterstützung durch Lehrkräfte angewiesen sind als stärkere. […] Wer schon zu Hause mit der Bewältigung schulischer Aufgaben allein gelassen wird, sollte dies nicht auch noch in der Schule bleiben.“

Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Dammer, Wirtschaftswoche online am 28. September 2016

„Großbritannien liegt hinsichtlich der sozialen Mobilität unterhalb von südamerikanischen Ländern wie Argentinien.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Julian Nida-Rümelin, „Profil“ (Zeitung des dphv) vom September 2016, S. 20

„Die erhoffte soziale Chancengleichheit ist ein Irrtum. Fast alle Gesamtschulländer haben alternative Formen der Segregation entwickelt.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Hopmann, Kleine Zeitung online am 28. Mai 2016

„Wer die ‚Studie zur Entwicklung von Ganztagsschulen‘ (StEG) vom Klieme, Holtappels, Rauschenbach und Stecher genau liest, stellt fest, dass es weder Beweise dafür gibt, dass in einer Ganztagsschule Kinder besser lernen, noch Kinder aus bildungsfernen Milieus besser gefördert werden und somit auf Kinder aus bildungsnahen Milieus aufschließen können.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus Zierer, „Gerechte Ungleichheit?“. In: Klaus Zierer u. a., „Die pädagogische Mitte“ (2016), S. 192

„Von allen BildungsinländerInnen sind 30 % ‚AkademikerInnen-Kinder‘, d.h. dass 70 % so genannte ‚first generation students‘ sind, also Studierende, aus deren Familie zuvor noch niemand studiert hat. […] Im europäischen Vergleich zeigt sich, dass der Anteil Studierender, deren Eltern nicht AkademikerInnen sind, in Österreich vergleichsweise sehr hoch ist.“

IHS (Hrsg.), „Studierenden-Sozialerhebung 2015“ (2016), Band 2, S. 53

„Aus Studien ist […] bekannt, dass wir bis zum Schuleintritt mit einem Unterschied von 30 Millionen gehörten Wörtern bei Kindern aus bildungsnahen Milieus im Vergleich zu Kindern aus bildungsfernen Milieus haben. Allein dadurch […], dass Eltern einen anderen Bildungsabschluss haben, sprechen sie mehr mit ihren Kindern, und die wiederum bekommen eine größere Variante von Wörtern mit. Dass der Bildungserfolg vom sozioökonomischen Status der Eltern abhängt, ist somit Naturgesetz.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus Zierer, in Hanns Seidel Stifung (Hrsg.), „Akademikerschwemme versus Fachkräftemangel“ (2016), S. 101f

„Die Schulreformen mit der Wirkungsbehauptung des ‚längeren gemeinsamen Lernens‘ haben keinen Einfluss auf die unterschiedliche Schichtallokation gehabt, also nirgendwo die sogenannte Bildungsgerechtigkeit hergestellt.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Dollase, in Hanns Seidel Stifung (Hrsg.), „Akademikerschwemme versus Fachkräftemangel“ (2016), S. 33

„Die entscheidende Größe für eine inklusive Gesellschaft ist, dass die Korrelation zwischen Einkommen der Eltern und Einkommen ihrer Kinder nicht allzu eng ausfällt. Und hier kommt nun die große Überraschung: Deutschland gehört zu den sechs Ländern der Welt mit der stärksten sozialen Mobilität!“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Julian Nida-Rümelin, in Hanns Seidel Stifung (Hrsg.), „Akademikerschwemme versus Fachkräftemangel“ (2016), S. 82

„Nicht bestätigt werden konnte in TIMSS 2015, dass rhythmisierte Ganztagsschulen sozial bedingte Selektionseffekte stärker ausgleichen als andere Schultypen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wilfried Bos u. a., „TIMSS 2015: Wichtige Ergebnisse im Überblick“, in Dr. Heike Wendt u. a., „TIMSS 2015. Mathematische und naturwissenschaftliche Kompetenzen von Grundschulkindern in Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich“ (2016), S. 21

„High-income (high-skilled) parents respond to an increase in class size by helping out more with homework; low-income parents do not respond at all along this dimension.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Peter Fredriksson u.a., „Parental responses to public investments in children: Evidence from a maximum class size rule“ (2016), S. 29

Österreichs Schulwesen führt 84 % der Kinder von Eltern ohne Sekundarstufe II-Abschluss zu einem Sekundarstufe II-Abschluss, was aber leider nur für Kinder ohne Migrationshintegrund gilt:

„Unter den 25‐44‐jährigen, deren Eltern im Ausland geboren wurden und die keinen Abschluss der Sekundarstufe II erreicht haben, haben 50 % ebenfalls keinen Abschluss der Sekundarstufe II (OECD‐Schnitt: 37 %) erreicht. Die Gleichaltrigen mit in Österreich geborenen Eltern, die keinen Abschluss der Sekundarstufe II erreicht haben, verfügen dagegen nur zu 16 % über keinen Abschluss der Sekundarstufe II (OECD‐Schnitt: 27 %).“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Education at a Glance. Country Note Österreich“ (2016), S. 5

„Not only did the score point average drop by an equivalent of half a school year (25 points) from the 2003 results quoted above, but the bottom 10 % of Finnish schools fell markedly further than most schools. […] The effect of socio-economic background on individual outcomes was also shown to have grown significantly, as the effect of one unit increase in the SES background grew from 28 points to 33 points.“
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Venla Bernelius u. a., „Choice and segregation in the ‘most egalitarian’ schools: Cumulative decline in urban schools and neighbourhoods of Helsinki, Finland“. In: „Urban Studies“, 2016, Vol. 53(15), S. 3157

Schweden: „Disadvantage is transmitted across generations. NEET rates are higher for young people whose parents themselves have low educational attainment.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Investing in Youth: Sweden“ (2016), S. 21

Schweden: „OECD found that, compared to their Swedish-born peers, immigrant students had weaker educational outcomes on average at all levels of education. Differences in socio-economic background and speaking a different language at home accounted for a substantial part of the gap at age 15.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Investing in Youth: Sweden“ (2016), S. 64

„Of the 110 000 new entrants into upper secondary school in 2011, only 69 % obtained an upper secondary diploma within four years, one year after the end of the regular programme duration. […] Those with less educated parents are less likely to complete: 79 % of all youth whose parents have at least some post-secondary education graduate within four years, compared to only 40% of those whose parents only have compulsory education.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Investing in Youth: Sweden“ (2016), S. 123f

„In PISA bedeutet Bildungsgerechtigkeit, dass allen Schülerinnen und Schülern, unabhängig von ihrem Geschlecht, ihrem familiären Hintergrund oder ihrem sozioökonomischen Status, qualitativ hochwertige Bildungschancen geboten werden. Nach dieser Definition bedeutet Bildungsgerechtigkeit weder, dass alle die gleichen Ergebnisse erzielen sollten, noch dass bei allen Schülerinnen und Schülern die gleichen Standardlehr- und -lernmethoden zum Einsatz kommen sollten.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015 Ergebnisse. Exzellenz und Chancengerechtigkeit in der Bildung“ (2016), S. 219

„Bildungssysteme zeichnen sich durch größere Fairness aus, wenn die Ergebnisse der Schülerinnen und Schüler eher von ihren Fähigkeiten und von Faktoren abhängen, die sie selbst beeinflussen können, etwa von ihrem Willen oder ihrer Leistung.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015 Ergebnisse. Exzellenz und Chancengerechtigkeit in der Bildung“ (2016), S. 219

„Inklusion steht für das Ziel zu gewährleisten, dass alle Schülerinnen und Schüler, insbesondere jene aus sozioökonomisch benachteiligten Verhältnissen oder traditionell marginalisierten Gruppen, Zugang zu qualitativ hochwertiger Bildung haben und das Grundkompetenzniveau erreichen.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015 Ergebnisse. Exzellenz und Chancengerechtigkeit in der Bildung“ (2016), S. 218

„Kinder von Eltern mit einem niedrigen Schulabschluss weisen laut Bildungsbericht 2012 in der 4. Schulstufe einen Lernrückstand von mehr als zwei Schuljahren (von 21,7 Schulmonaten) gegenüber von Kindern von Eltern mit Maturaabschluss auf.“

Dr. Sabine Buchebner-Ferstl u. a., „Bildungsentscheidungen in der Familie beim Übergang von der Volksschule in die weiterführende Schule“ (2016), S. 20

„10 % der Kinder von Eltern mit tertiärem Bildungsabschluss, 17 % der Kinder von Eltern mit maximal Matura, 28 % der Kinder von Eltern mit Berufsausbildung und 52 % der Kinder von Eltern mit maximal Pflichtschulabschluss erreichen die Bildungsstandards nicht oder nur teilweise.“

BIFIE (Hrsg.), „Nationaler Bildungsbericht Österreich 2015, Band 2“ (2016), S. 26

„Alle ‚modernen‘ Unterrichtsmaßnahmen (sie sind natürlich nicht neu, sondern alle mindestens hundert Jahre alt) – selbstständiges Lernen, Projektarbeit, schülerkontrollierter Unterricht, eigenständiges Lernen, Gruppenarbeit etc. – favorisieren den Nachwuchs der Bildungsschicht. Stattdessen sollte man es mal mit ‚direct instruction‘, einer Form des lehrerzentrierten Unterrichts, versuchen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Dollase, in Hanns Seidel Stifung (Hrsg.), „Akademikerschwemme versus Fachkräftemangel“ (2016), S. 44

„Viele Studien zeigen, dass die frühkindliche Bildung eine herausragende Bedeutung für spätere Bildungsperspektiven hat. Kinder aus Familien mit einem niedrigen sozio-ökonomischen Status oder mit Migrationshintergrund profitieren dabei in besonderem Maße von vorschulischer Bildung.“

Dr. Christina Anger u. a., „Bildungsgerechtigkeit in Deutschland - Eine Analyse der Entwicklung seit dem Jahr 2000“ (2016), S. 32

„Helmut Fend (Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Fend) hat mit Bedauern festgestellt, dass es keine Unterschiede zwischen einem gegliederten und einem Einheitsschulsystem bezüglich der sozialen Gerechtigkeit gibt.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Dollase, in Hanns Seidel Stifung (Hrsg.), „Akademikerschwemme versus Fachkräftemangel“ (2016), S. 33 

„Parents in more advantaged class positions will respond to any expansion or reform of the educational system by using their own superior resources – economic, cultural and social – to whatever extent it takes to help their children retain a competitive edge in the system and in turn in the labour market.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. John Goldthorpe, The Guardian online am 12. März 2016

„A situation is emerging that is quite new in modern British history. Young people entering the labour market today face far less favourable mobility prospects than did their parents – or their grandparents.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. John Goldthorpe, The Guardian online am 12. März 2016

„Previous research suggests that stratification is actually relatively high in the United States, despite its comprehensive school system, due to segregation of families between regions and neighborhoods.“

Dr. Philip Parker u. a., „A Multination Study of Socioeconomic Inequality in Expectations for Progression to Higher Education“. In: „American Educational Research Journal“, February 2016, Vol. 53, No. 1, S. 11

„In the UK and Australia house prices are more expensive in the catchment area of good schools.“

Dr. Philip Parker u. a., „A Multination Study of Socioeconomic Inequality in Expectations for Progression to Higher Education“. In: „American Educational Research Journal“, February 2016, Vol. 53, No. 1, S. 12

„Ability stratification based on geography is common in the United States, and public/private school divisions remain relatively common in Australia and Great Britain.“

Dr. Philip Parker u. a., „A Multination Study of Socioeconomic Inequality in Expectations for Progression to Higher Education“. In: „American Educational Research Journal“, February 2016, Vol. 53, No. 1, S. 24

„Nurturing early childhood care and education are fundamental to quality basic education and serve as a foundation for equity. Significant disparities in early learning experiences for low-income children can set the stage for achievement gaps that persist through years of school and lead to a lifetime of missed opportunities, inequities, and even health challenges. Increasing access to quality early childhood care and education is considered an effective “equalizer”

Gillian Huebner u. a., „Beyond Survival: The Case for Investing in Young Children Globally“ (2016), S. 14

„Studies show that the returns on investments in early childhood care and education are highest among poorer children, for whom these programs may serve as a stepping stone out of poverty or exclusion.“

Gillian Huebner u. a., „Beyond Survival: The Case for Investing in Young Children Globally“ (2016), S. 14

„Family strengthening for the poorest families is key to effective responses to ensure healthy and holistic child development and protection.“

Gillian Huebner u. a., „Beyond Survival: The Case for Investing in Young Children Globally“ (2016), S. 19

„In 2014, a higher proportion of people living in cities (compared with those living in rural areas) were at risk of poverty or social exclusion: the biggest difference was recorded in Austria, where the share of people living in cities who were at risk of poverty or social exclusion was 28.3 %, some 14.2 percentage points higher than the corresponding share for people living in rural areas.“

Eurostat (Hrsg.), „Eurostat regional yearbook 2016“ (2016), S. 34

Frankreich: „Pupils’ performance is strongly linked to their socioeconomic background. Too many young people leave education with few or no qualifications.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Education and Training Monitor 2016 – Country analysis“ (2016), S. 99

„Parents with higher education tend to interact more verbally with their child; they use more abstract words, more complex syntax and invite their child more often into decontextualized discourse, book-sharing and dialogical reading. Such language practices mirror the language of books and school and foster good literacy skills.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kajsa Yang Hansen u. a., „Determinants of country differences in effects of parental education on children’s academic achievement“ (2016), S. 3

England: „In 2015, only 20 per cent of disadvantaged pupils achieved our benchmark for secondary performance, compared with 45 per cent of non-disadvantaged pupils.“

Natalie Perera, Executive Director des CentreForum, „Education in England: Annual Report 2016“ (2016), S. 6

Frankreich:

„There are large performance gaps between schools. Disadvantaged schools benefit less from experienced teachers, and school segregation reflects socioeconomic, academic and migrant backgrounds as well as residential segregation.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Education and Training Monitor 2016 – Country analysis“ (2016), S. 99

„In France, Norway and the United States, the completion rate of students increases as their parents’ educational attainment increases. In France, the completion rate of students whose mother or father attained tertiary education is 11 percentage points higher than the completion rate of students whose parents did not attain upper secondary education. The difference is 10 percentage points in Norway and 27 percentage points in the United States.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education at a Glance 2016“ (2016), S. 170

England: „White British FSM (Free School Meals) boys achieve the lowest grades at GCSE of any main ethnic group, with just 24 % achieving 5 A*-C grades at GCSE, inc. English and maths. […] White British FSM girls are also the lowest performing main female ethnic group, with 32% achieving the same measure.“

The Sutton Trust (Hrsg.), „Class differences: Ethnicity and disadvantage“ (2016), S. 1

„Across London as a whole, 63.1 % of Bangladeshi FSM pupils achieve five good GCSEs, compared to 58.6 % of Indian and 55.5 % of Pakistani. However, the average achieved by white British FSM (Anm.: Free School Meals) pupils in London is just 32.9 % on the same measure.“

The Sutton Trust (Hrsg.), „Class differences: Ethnicity and disadvantage“ (2016), S. 5

Anm.: Das sozioökonomische Niveau des Elternhauses der zugewanderten 15-Jährigen ist in Großbritannien europaweit am höchsten.

„Gaps in educational attainment between rich and poor children open up early in life and remain largely constant through the school years.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ariel Kalil u. a., „Understanding the Importance of Parental Time With Children“ in „Journal of Marriage and Family“ 78 (Februar 2016), S. 262

Flandern: „Schools with the most disadvantaged pupils are unable to attract the most experienced teachers and heads and face greater turnover in the teaching staff.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Education and Training Monitor 2016 – Country analysis“ (2016), S. 19

„All research shows that families are extraordinarily important for student achievement. This is widely recognized, and underscores the fact that existing achievement gaps – by income and by race – cannot be looked upon as a simple reflection of differences in school or teacher quality.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Eric Hanushek, „School human capital and teacher salary policies“. In: „Journal of Professional Capital and Community“, 2016, Vol. 1, S. 24

„Empirical evidence confirms the positive effects of extracurricular activities on schooling outcomes and career prospects, and these effects tend to be largest for youth from deprived backgrounds.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Society at a Glance 2016” (2016), S. 48

„National sources point to significant inequalities based on gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic background in the English education system.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Education and Training Monitor 2016 – Country analysis“ (2016), S. 290

Estland: „In the PISA 2012 sample, 37 % of 15-year-old Estonian students were in a school that always considered students’ records of academic performance for admission to the school, which is around the OECD average of 39 %.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Reviews of School Resources – Estonia“ (2016), S. 168

„Many of the inequalities observed in school systems are already present when students first enter formal schooling and persist as students progress through education.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools (2016), S. 218

Großbritannien: „Poorer students are less likely to receive private tuition. Of those aged between 11-16, 17 % of students who receive free school meals (FSM) have ever received private tuition, 26 % of students who do not receive FSM.“

Sutton Trust (Hrsg.), „Shadow schooling: Private tuition and social mobility in the UK“ (2016), S. 3

England: „The performance gap between the richest and the poorest has remained persistently large between the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s.“

Social Market Foundation (Hrsg.), „Educational inequalities in England and Wales“ (2016)

„In most countries, students’ socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly related to their educational achievement: the higher a student’s SES, the higher his or her achievement scores, and vice versa.“

Dr. Trude Nielsen u. a., „Are school characteristics related to equity?“ (2016), S. 1

„Italy (85.4 %), Spain (82.6 %), Korea (79.4 %) and the Netherlands (71.8 %) have an exceptionally high proportion of adults who scored at or below Level 1 in literacy who came from families in which both parents had less than upper secondary level attainment.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Anke Grotlüschen u. a., „Adults with Low Proficiency in Literacy or Numeracy“ (2016), S. 34

„Shanghai is one of the most equal education systems among the PISA participants. For example, it has the highest proportion of resilient students (19.2 percent), that is, disadvantaged students who perform among the top 25 percent of students across all participating countries and economies after controlling for socioeconomic status.“

Weltbank (Hrsg.), „How Shanghai Does It“ (2016), S. 102

„In Estonia and Denmark the enrollment level of children from low-income families exceeds the enrollment level of children in the total population.“

IEA (Hrsg.), „Early Childhood Policies and Systems in Eight Countries“ (2016), S. 66ff

„Research shows that parental involvement is a key factor in improving children’s educational performance and that high-quality parental involvement may help reduce performance differences across socio-economic groups.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „OECD Reviews of School Resources – Austria“ (2016), S. 138

England: „Children from most disadvantaged backgrounds who attained high cognitive test scores at age 7 performed worse than their lower achieving counterparts from the least disadvantaged families by age 14-16.“

UNICEF (Hrsg.), „Poverty and Children’s Cognitive Trajectories: Evidence from the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study“ (2016), S. 7

USA: „Tracking is significantly correlated with performance on AP (Anm.: Advanced Placement) tests, and the positive relationship holds for the performance of black, Hispanic, and white subgroups.“

Brown Center (Hrsg.), „How well are American Students Learning?“ (2016), S. 22f

England: „At present, initial schooling results in one third of 16-19 year-olds in England having low basic skills, and these poor outcomes by international standards depend more heavily on parental background than in most comparable countries.“

OECD, „Building Skills for All: A Review of England“ (2016), S. 61

„Shanghai emerged as one of the most equal education systems among PISA participants, with the highest proportion of disadvantaged students performing among the top 25 percent of students across all participating countries and economies after controlling for socioeconomic status.“

Weltbank (Hrsg.), „How Shanghai Does It“ (2016), S. 139

„In den oberen 10 Prozent der Einkommensklassen besuchen 80,3 Prozent der Kinder ein Hakwon, während von den Kindern jener Koreaner, die zu den unteren 20 Prozent gehören, nur 55,5 Prozent davon Gebrauch machen.“

Neue Zürcher Zeitung online am 4. Mai 2015

„Die für einen optimalen Schulerfolg notwendige Passung (sog. matching) zwischen individuellen Lernvoraussetzungen sowie schulischen Lern- und Leistungsanforderungen gelingt im Sinne des Aptitude-Treatment-Interaction (ATI)-Modells in homogeneren Lerngruppen besser als in stark heterogenen Begabungs- und Leistungsgruppen. Zudem wird damit das Prinzip der Chancengerechtigkeit nachweislich stärker unterstützt als in Einheitsschulen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kurt Heller, „news&science“, Ausgabe 2, 2015, S. 8

„Students with the same primary school performance who attended selective or grammar schools were far more likely to achieve the highest grades at GCSE – 57 % compared with 32 % in non-selective schools.“

The Guardian online am 4. März 2015

„In Italy a 20-34 year-old whose parents have a tertiary education is about 10 times more likely to participate in tertiary education than someone whose parents have below upper secondary education.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education Indicators in Focus 28“, Jänner 2015, S. 4

„Geradezu naiv und sozialromantisch ist die Annahme, durch den Aufenthalt aller Schüler in einer Schule bzw. in einer Klasse würden demokratische Ansprüche und so etwas wie Bildungsgerechtigkeit für sozial und ökonomisch benachteiligte Schüler eingelöst.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hermann Giesecke, „Inklusion. Ein pädagogisch-politischer Irrtum“ (2015), S. 45

„The student body of the elite schools themselves is always as remote from the global population profile as it was fifty years ago, with about 80 % of high SES children in the most prestigious elite schools …“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Marie Duru-Bellat, „Access to Higher Education: the French case“ (2015), S. 16

„Today, most of the French members of the elite come from a very small number of prestigious schools.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Marie Duru-Bellat, „Access to Higher Education: the French case“ (2015), S. 41

„The relationship between parental background and adult literacy and numeracy among those aged 16 to 24 is stronger in England than in all other countries except the Slovak Republic.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Andy Green u. a., „Why are Literacy and Numeracy Skills in England so Unequal?“ (2015), S. 3

England: „For the 16-24 age group there is only one other country, the Slovak Republic, where parental education has more influence on individual literacy and numeracy skills attainment.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Andy Green u. a., „Why are Literacy and Numeracy Skills in England so Unequal?“ (2015), S. 23

„Some of the countries with the least inclusive systems of higher education (like Austria and Germany) are amongst the most effective in reducing relative inequalities, while countries like England, with higher HE participation rates, are much less effective in this respect.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Andy Green u. a., „Why are Literacy and Numeracy Skills in England so Unequal?“ (2015), S. 52

„Insufficient public funding per student is a driver of private costs. Low public funding in primary or lower secondary education disproportionately affects the children from the poorest households.“

Dr. Anthony Lake, UNICEF-Direktor, Vorwort zu UNICEF (Hrsg.), „The Investment Case for Education and Equity“ (2015), S. 37

„Substantial differences between the skill development of economically advantaged and disadvantaged children emerge well before the start of formal schooling. For example, preschool age children from families in the poorest income quintile score on average at the 34th percentile in a test of literacy compared to children in the richest quintile who score at the 69th percentile. These gaps remain through the school years.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Susan E. Mayer u. a., „Using behavioral insights to increase parental engagement“ (2015), S. 3

„Children’s experiences prior to the start of primary school clearly play a large role in their futures. This insight has led to an emphasis on pre-kindergarten programs for disadvantaged children.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Susan E. Mayer u. a., „Using behavioral insights to increase parental engagement“ (2015), S. 4

„Dozens of studies have demonstrated many differences in the way advantaged and disadvantaged parents engage their children and how these differences matter to children’s adult success. Among other things, advantaged parents spend more time, in particular on educational activities, with their children and produce more cognitively stimulating home learning environments. […] The gaps in parental time investment are important because research suggests that spending time with a child has a direct and causal effect on children’s cognitive test scores and that it is the most productive input for cognitive skill development.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Susan E. Mayer u. a., „Using behavioral insights to increase parental engagement“ (2015), S. 4f

„An additional year of daily mother–child reading would increase children’s reading test scores in the early school grades by 41 percent of a standard deviation on average. […] Substantial numbers of parents do not read to their children on a regular basis. In 2007, 16 % of all parents of a child aged 3-5 years and 29 % of parents living below the poverty line reported that neither they nor other family members read to their children at least three times per week. This represents an increase since 2001 when the number was 26 % of poor parents. In addition, the gap in the amount of time that parents spend with their children overall and in educationally relevant activities has widened over the last 20 years because the rate at which highly educated mothers have increased amount of time in they spend in educational activities with their children has exceeded the rate at which mothers with less education increased such time with their children.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Susan E. Mayer u. a., „Using behavioral insights to increase parental engagement“ (2015), S. 5

England: „Only 11 % of students from state-funded schools go on to top universities. This continues to compare badly with the proportion of students from independent schools when the figure rises to 37 %.“

Ofsted (Hrsg.), „The most able students“ (2015), S. 8

USA: „Since the 1970s, increasing class-based residential segregation has been translated into de facto class-based school segregation. Schoolchildren from the top half of the income distribution increasingly attend private schools or live in better school districts.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 39

USA: „According to one national study, 72 percent of middle-class children know the alphabet when starting school, as opposed to only 19 percent of poor children.“ (S. 116)

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 116

USA: „Class-based disparities in cognitive, emotional, and social capabilities emerge at very early ages and remain stable over the life course, which implies that, whatever the causal factors, those factors operate most strongly in the preschool years.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 117

„The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is roughly 30-40 percent larger among children born in 2001 than among those born twenty-five years earlier.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 134

USA: „Residential sorting by income over the last 30 to 40 years has shunted high-income and low-income students into separate schools. […] Most parents now pay close attention to it when deciding where to live. This is true even of parents who have only modest educations themselves.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 163

USA: „Houses near a high-scoring public school cost more than $200,000 more than comparable houses near low-scoring schools.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 164

USA: „As the twenty-first century opened, a family’s socioeconomic status (SES) had become even more important than test scores in predicting which eighth graders would graduate from college. A generation earlier, social class had played a smaller role, relative to academic ability, in predicting educational attainment. Nowadays, high-scoring rich kids are very likely (74 percent) to graduate from college, while low-scoring poor kids almost never do (3 percent).“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 189

„The roots of many cognitive and behavioral differences that appear in middle childhood and adolescence are often already present by 18 months, and their origins, we now know, lie even earlier in the child’s life.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 109f

„Good day care makes less difference to child development than good parenting – but, on average, children of more educated parents get more of both.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Putnam, „Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis“ (2015), S. 129

„Even after controlling for parenting investment, poverty still has a direct effect on child cognitive development, especially if the household is in poverty at birth and/or age three.“

Dr. Stacey Fox, „Better Systems, Better Chances“ (2015), S. 26

„The student populations in Norway, Switzerland, Austria, and the Netherlands are relatively representative of the population with regard to students’ education back­ground.“

DZHW (Hrsg.), „Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe“ (2015), S. 54

Englands Erfahrung mit der Privatisierung von Schulen („academies“):

„The gap between more disadvantaged pupils and others had grown wider on average in academies than in comparable maintained schools.“

Sutton Trust (Hrsg.), „The impact of academy chains on low-income students“ (2015), S. 8

„Social mobility in the UK is relatively low by international standards and has not increased over the past 40 years …“

Dr. Abigail McKnight, „Downward mobility, opportunity hoarding and the ‚glass floor‘“ (2015), S. 2

„It is important to underline that a poor rate of social mobility is a systemic problem in the UK, which originates in unequal opportunities for children according to social background from birth.“

Dr. Louise Ashley u. a., „A qualitative evaluation of non-educational barriers to the elite professions“ (2015), S. 26

„The importance of out-of-school factors, including students' socio-economic background and the educational level of parents or the language spoken at home cannot be overstated. Significantly reducing the proportion of low achievers, therefore, would require a combined approach that simultaneously targets a range of factors both in and out of school.“

EU-Kommission (Hrs.), „Structural Indicators for Monitoring Education and Training Systems in Europe 2015“ (2015), S. 23

„Investment in human capital must start in the vital early childhood period and be sustained through compulsory education. This will help ensure equality of opportunity for children from disadvantaged backgrounds.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All“ (2015), S. 44

„People sometimes incorrectly assume that equity in education means all students should be taught the same curriculum, or should achieve the same learning outcomes in school.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Pasi Sahlberg, „Finnish Lessons 2.0“ (2015), S. 61

NMS: „Whilst the school environment has improved overall, the level of educational achievement was not better than in the Hauptschule, the type of school being replaced. In particular, the new school system did not improve the levels of achievement of disadvantaged groups, which had been one of the main objectives.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „Education and Training Monitor 2015 - Country analysis“ (2015), S. 8

„In tracked education systems, teachers appear to provide more equal support and caring to low and high achievers and to students from different socioeconomic backgrounds within the same school. Moreover, schools with disadvantaged student populations seem to develop an especially supportive learning environment.“

Dr. Svenja Vieluf u. a., „Who has a good relationship with the teachers? A comparison of comprehensive education systems with education systems using between-school tracking“ in „Oxford Review of Education“ (2015), Vol. 41, No. 1, S. 19

„Low achievers and students from disadvantaged backgrounds feel less supported than their schoolmates in education systems that teach students in comprehensive schools, while no such within-school disparities were observed in tracked education systems.“

Dr. Svenja Vieluf u. a., „Who has a good relationship with the teachers? A comparison of comprehensive education systems with education systems using between-school tracking“ in „Oxford Review of Education“ (2015), Vol. 41, No. 1, S. 20

England: „Children from low socio-economic groups are already behind their more advantaged counterparts when they begin school. But far from narrowing this gap, the gap widens through school. Educational outcomes remain closely correlated with social class.“

Sutton Trust (Hrsg.), „The impact of academy chains on low-income students“ (2015), S. 7

USA: „In 2009, in the United States, the high school drop-out rate for students living in low-income families was about five times greater than the rate for their peers from high-income families.“

UNICEF (Hrsg.), „The Investment Case for Education and Equity“ (2015), S. 35

USA: „At the nation’s most selective 193 colleges and universities, affluent students (those from the richest socioeconomic quarter of the population) outnumber economically disadvantaged students (those from the bottom quarter) by 14 to 1.“

New York Times online am 12. September 2014

„The gap in pre-primary attendance rates between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged pupils is growing.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus 40“ (Juni 2014), S. 1

„The children of professionals in Germany outperform the children of professionals in Finland.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus“ Nr. 36, Februar 2014, S. 1

„In Bezug auf das gemeinsame Lesen wird deutlich, dass Eltern mit niedriger formaler Bildung deutlich seltener Freude daran haben (52 %) als Eltern mit einer hohen Formalbildung (68 %).“

AOK (Hrsg.), „AOK-Familienstudie 2014“ (2014), S. 14

„Es ist auch – durchaus entgegen den Erwartungen – nicht nachweisbar, dass die formal und offensichtlich differenzierten und segmentierten Systeme eine größere Ungleichheit der Kompetenzen bewirken als die ‚Gesamtschulsysteme‘, da letztere ebenfalls oft einen hohen, aber versteckten Grad an Differenzierung aufweisen.“

Dr. Lorenz Lassnigg u. a., „Das österreichische Modell der Formation von Kompetenzen im Vergleich“. In: Statistik Austria (Hrsg.), „Schlüsselkompetenzen von Erwachsenen – Vertiefende Analysen der PIAAC-Erhebung 2001/12“ (2014), S. 46

„Bessere Umweltbedingungen für alle Individuen einer Population vergrößern in der Regel die Unterschiede zwischen den Individuen, da leistungsfähigere Personen mehr von der Maßnahme profitieren als leistungsschwächere.“

Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina (Hrsg.), „Frühkindliche Sozialisation“ (2014), S. 47

„Bei einem optimalen Beschulungsangebot treten Unterschiede aufgrund anlagebedingter Prädispositionen deutlicher zu Tage.“

Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina (Hrsg.), „Frühkindliche Sozialisation“ (2014), S. 54

„Leistungsstarke Schüler aus dem Bildungsbürgertum sind in der Grundschule am wenigsten auf vollständige, explizite Erklärungen angewiesen. Sie lernen auch im offenen Unterricht. Im Zweifel können sie die fehlenden Erklärungen zu Hause erhalten. Lernschwache Schüler aus bildungsfernen Schichten können dies nicht. Sie sind die Leidtragenden des offenen Unterrichts.“

Dr. Martin Wellenreuther, „Direkte Instruktion – Was ist das, und wie geht das?“, in BELTZ (Hrsg.), PÄDAGOGIK, 66. Jahrgang, Heft 1, 2014, S. 11

„Auch bei günstigen Trainings- und Beschulungsmaßnahmen bleiben interindividuelle Unterschiede in der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit bestehen. Gleiche Umwelten machen Menschen nicht gleicher, sondern vielmehr werden in der Regel bestehende Unterschiede verstärkt.“

Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina (Hrsg.), „Frühkindliche Sozialisation“ (2014), S. 61

„Socioeconomic background shows the greatest influence on a student’s educational performance in France, Bulgaria and Slovakia.“

Bertelsmann (Hrsg.), „Social Justice in the EU. A Cross-national Comparison“ (2014), S. 38

„The largest impact per unit cost comes from moving low-income children from attending no preschool to attending some preschool.“

Dr. Elisabeth U. Cascio u. a., „Expanding Preschool Access for Disadvantaged Children“ (2014), S. 7

„At age three, children from professional families speak 50 % more words than children from working-class families and more than twice as many compared to children from welfare families.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. James Heckman u. a., „The economics of human development and social mobility“ (2014), S. 8

England: „White children who are eligible for free school meals are consistently the lowest performing group in the country, and the difference between their educational performance and that of their less-deprived white peers is larger than for any other ethnic group.“

House of Commons, Education Committee (Hrsg.), „Underachievement in Education by White Working Class Children“ (2014), S. 3

„Raw intelligence is not fixed solely by parental genes, although heritability plays an important role in shaping it. It is boosted by quality parenting and by caring environments. It becomes solidified around the time of puberty.“

Dr. Tim Kautz u. a., „Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success“ (2014), S. 11

„Gaps in skills emerge early, before formal schooling begins. Waiting until kindergarten to address these gaps is a poor strategy. It creates achievement gaps for disadvantaged children that are costly to close.“

Dr. Tim Kautz u. a., „Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success“ (2014), S. 11

„The absence of parental guidance, nourishment, and encouragement is the most damaging condition for child development. Quality parenting – stimulation, attachment, encouragement, and support – is the true measure of child advantage, and not the traditional measures of poverty commonly used in policy discussions.“

Dr. Tim Kautz u. a., „Fostering and Measuring Skills: Improving Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills to Promote Lifetime Success“ (2014), S. 12

„Experts have noted that most behavioural and cognitive ability gaps that can explain discrepancies in adult outcomes already exist at age five, and emphasise that schooling plays a minor role in either limiting or widening those gaps.“

Benoit Guerin, „Breaking the cycle of disadvantage“ (2014), S. 2

„The absence of opportunities for informal education in the home – be it situations of play, or informal problem solving – can foster early differences in academic achievement, intelligence and even language acquisition. Data indicates that before the age of 3, children from well-off backgrounds possess a vocabulary 30 million words larger than children from poorer families.“

Benoit Guerin, „Breaking the cycle of disadvantage“ (2014), S. 4

„Children born into low SES families are more likely to be insufficiently stimulated owing to a poor home learning environment. Such insufficient stimulation in early childhood can result in significant differences in brain size and abnormal cortex development by the age of 3, reflected in poorer cognitive and social development. The gap in cognitive performance across socioeconomic groups at 22 months has been found to correlate with schooling outcomes at the age of 26.“

Benoit Guerin, „Breaking the cycle of disadvantage“ (2014), S. 5

„In reality, access to a good education in the United States is extremely unequal. Geographic dispersion of schools leads to widespread segregation of advantaged and disadvantaged pupils.“

Dr. John Jerrim, „The Unrealistic Educational Expectations of High School Pupils“. In: „The Sociological Quarterly“ 55 (2014), S. 199f

„The United States is one of the most socially unequal nations in the developed world, both in terms of educational achievement and in terms of economic measures of social mobility.“

Dr. John Jerrim, „The Unrealistic Educational Expectations of High School Pupils“. In: „The Sociological Quarterly“ 55 (2014), S. 200

„La France est l’un des pays de l’OCDE dans lequel le milieu socio-économique des élèves a le plus d’impact sur leur performance en mathématiques.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education Policy Outlook – Country Note France“ (2014), S. 6

„Perhaps the most prevailing inequalities in educational achievement in England are those associated with socio-economic status (SES), ethnicity and gender.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Steve Strand, „Ethnicity, gender, social class and achievement gaps at age 16“ (2014), S. 2

England: „SES gaps (Anm.: SES = Socioeconomic status) widens over the course of secondary school with students in the bottom SES quintile making -.21 SD (Anm.: SD = standard deviation) less than expected progress and those in top quintile making .20 SD more than expected progress.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Steve Strand, „Ethnicity, gender, social class and achievement gaps at age 16“ (2014), S. 18

England: „59 % of the Cabinet and 33 % of the Shadow Cabinet attended Oxbridge compared to less than 1 % of the UK population as a whole …“

Social Mobiliy and Child Poverty Commission (Hrsg.), „Elitist Britain“ (2014), S. 26

„Learning outcomes in France as measured by international assessments are below average OECD levels and are particularly unequal.“

UNESCO (Hrsg.), „Teaching and learning – Achieving quality for all“ (2014), S. 265

„The influence of parental education on the educational performance of migrants is weaker in highly and moderately differentiated education systems than in comprehensive systems.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers u. a., „Migrant pupils’ scientific performance“ (2014), S. 19f

„Economically disadvantaged and wealthy parents exhibit large and systematic differences in parenting practices. From birth to age two, non-poor children are more likely than poor children to be caressed, kissed, or hugged by their mother, and they are less likely to be spanked. Non-poor birth-to-two-year-olds also have greater access to children’s books and are more likely to be read to than their poor counterparts. These disparities have significant consequences, as children who experience responsive and stimulating parental care tend to score higher on assessments of motor, social, emotional, literacy, and numeracy skills than those who do not.“

Dr. Benjamin York, „One step at the time: The effects of an early literacy text messaging program for parents of preschoolers“ (2014), S. 3

„Wer die ‚Studie zur Entwicklung von Ganztagsschulen‘ (StEG), geleitet vom Konsortium bestehend aus Eckhard Klieme, Heinz Günther Holtappels, Thomas Rauschenbach und Ludwig Stecher, genau liest, wird feststellen, dass es keine Beweise dafür gibt, dass Kinder aus bildungsfernen Milieus in einer Ganztagsschule besser gefördert werden und somit auf Kinder aus bildungsnahen Milieus aufschließen können.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Klaus Zierer, Erziehungswissenschaftler, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 20. Dezember 2013

„On both math and reading tests, students at the 90th percentile of the income distribution score about 1.3 standard deviations higher than students at the 10th percentile.“

Dr. Seth Gershenson, „Do Summer Time-Use Gaps Vary by Socioeconomic Status?“ in „American Educational Research Journal“, Dezember 2013, Vol. 50, No. 6, S. 1219

„A disciplinary climate that is conducive to learning is not only positively related to student performance, but results from PISA suggest that it can weaken the impact of students’ socio-economic status on performance.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „PISA in Focus“, Nr. 32, September 2013, S. 4

„Von offenen, flexiblen, individualisierten Lernformen in heterogenen Klassen profitieren oft besonders aufgeweckte Schüler, die viel Vorwissen besitzen. Diejenigen aber, die weniger mitbringen, brauchen eher klare Strukturen und klare Vorgaben sowie viel Zeit zum Üben der grundlegenden Kenntnisse.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Trautwein, Südwest Presse ONLINE am 24. Juli 2013

„Einheits- oder Gemeinschaftsschulen, die mehr Bildungsgerechtigkeit durch ‚längeres gemeinsames Lernen‘ versprechen, sind […] nach den Befunden von TIMSS, PISA bzw. PISA-E oder der IGLU- und IQB-Studien dazu weniger in der Lage als das hierzulande etablierte (gegliederte) Schulsystem.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kurt Heller, „Gymnasium in Niedersachsen“ 3/2013, S. 19

„Das gegliederte Schulwesen hat sich eindeutig als überlegen erwiesen, gerade auch im Hinblick auf den sozialen Chancenausgleich und individuelle Bildungserfolge. Die wissenschaftlichen Fakten sprechen für mehr und nicht für weniger Differenzierung.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kurt Heller, Bildungswissenschaftler, Metropolregion Rheinneckar News vom 13. März 2013

„Auch wenn im Rahmen der Forschung zu ganztägiger Bildung und Betreuung in den vergangenen Jahren eine Reihe von Arbeiten vorgelegt wurden, steht der empirische Nachweis für den Beitrag von Ganztagsschule hinsichtlich der zentralen Zieldimensionen Leistungsförderung und Kompensation sozialer Benachteiligung bislang aus.“

Aktionsrat Bildung (Hrsg.), „Zwischenbilanz Ganztagsgrundschulen: Betreuung oder Rhythmisierung?“ (2013), S. 58

„Während Eltern mit höherem Bildungsstand die aktive Nutzung unterschiedlicher Medien […] bewusst vorleben und reflektieren, findet in Familien aus der Unterschicht eher eine passiv-konsumierende Mediennutzung statt, die sich unweigerlich auch auf Kinder, Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene überträgt.“

Prof. Dr. Jutta Rump u. a., „Die jüngere Generation in einer alternden Arbeitswelt. Baby Boomer versus Generation Y“ (2013), S. 143

„The UK has one of the highest levels of variation in pupil outcomes and its education system is also one of the most socially segregated education systems amongst industrialised economies.“

Dr. Tracey Allen, Drivers and barriers to raising achievement“ (2013), S. 14

„In most countries the schools serving populations with high levels of poverty, working-class families, immigrants, and minorities show considerably poorer educational results relative to schools enrolling students from more advantaged families.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Henry Levin u. a., „Does educational privatisation promote social justice?“ in „Oxford Review of Education“, 2013, Vol. 39, No. 4, S. 514

Australien: „In 2005, men with a university-educated father were almost three times more likely to have graduated from university than other men and that women with a university-educated father were almost four times more likely to have graduated from university than other women.“

Dr. Jenny Chesters u.a., „Understanding the persistence of inequality in higher education: evidence from Australia“. In: „Journal of Education Policy“, 28:2 (2013), S. 211

Italien: „Children of the highest social strata obtain much better scores than those belonging to the lowest ones, and the coefficients of both indicators, the number of books and ESCS, are large and highly significant.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dalit Contini, „Immigrant background peer effects in Italian schools“ (2013), S. 25

„The Netherlands and Austria are Europe’s champion ‚upstreamers‘.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Maurice Crul u. a., „super diversity“ (2013), S. 49

„The sociocultural average of the school population is the single most influential school characteristic in all Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, more important than either a shortage of qualified teachers or class size.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers u.a., „Positive but also Negative Effects of Ethnic Diversity in Schools on Educational Performance?“. In: Windzio (Hrsg.), „Integration and Inequality in Educational Intitutions“ (2013), S. 71

„One of the most stable findings in educational research is the impact of students’ background on achievement, especially parents’ level of education and occupation or earnings.“

IEA (Hrsg.), „TIMSS and PIRLS 2011“ (2013), S. 8f

„In order to achieve excellence, it is not enough to simply 'keep order'; the school administration and teachers as well as the students and their parents must press for academic success. A school with a positive atmosphere supportive of high achievement and a rigorous academic program can even overcome socioeconomic disadvantages.“

IEA (Hrsg.), „TIMSS and PIRLS 2011: Relationships among reading, mathematics, and science achievement at the fourth grade“ (2013), S. 113f

„No country has a significantly bigger socio-economic achievement gap than England at either age 13/14 or age 15/16.“

John Jerrim u.a., „The mathematics skills of school children: How does England compare to the high performing East Asian jurisdictions“ (2013), S. 16

„One major systemic failing in the UK education system is the ‘long tail’ of poorly performing schools and pupils compared with other countries, particularly at the secondary level. A significant part of the explanation for this is the stubborn link between pupils’ socio-economic background and their educational attainment.“

LSE (Hrsg.), „Investing in Prosperity – LSE Growth Commission Report“ (2013), S. 16

„The correlation between disadvantage and poor academic attainment is particularly strong in the UK. Our failure to provide adequate education to children from disadvantaged backgrounds constitutes a waste of human resources on a grand scale. It holds back economic opportunities and is detrimental to growth.“

LSE (Hrsg.) „Investing in Prosperity“ (2013), S. 16f

„A quarter of children from poor backgrounds fail to meet the expected attainment level at the end of primary school compared with 3 per cent from affluent backgrounds. The gap widens at 16 with just one in five children from the poorest families achieving five good GCSEs, including English and Maths, compared with three quarters from the richest families.“

NCB (Hrsg.), „Greater Expectations: Raising aspirations for our children“ (2013), S. 12

Gesamtschulstaat England: „A child from a disadvantaged poor background is far less likely to do well at school age 11 and far less likely to do well in their GCSEs at 16 compared with a child from the most well-off backgrounds and there is no indication that this gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children is disappearing.“

NCB (Hrsg.), „Greater Expectations: Raising aspirations for our children“ (2013), S. 28

England: „Adults whose parents have low levels of education are eight times more likely to have poor proficiency in literacy than adults whose parents had higher levels of education.“

NIACE (Hrsg.), „Family Learning Works“ (2013), S. 5

„Top performers in science at age 15 tend to be in schools where others are also high performers and from relatively advantaged socio-economic backgrounds. Many such schools select students according to their academic record and many of them are private.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Education Today 2013“ (2013), S. 106

„The UK remains at the bottom of international league tables for social mobility, as measured by income or earnings.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Chris Pascal u.a., „The impact of early education as a strategy in countering socio-economic disadvantage“ (2013), S. 8

„Amongst G20 richest nations, only the USA has poorer social mobility than the UK.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Chris Pascal u.a., „The impact of early education as a strategy in countering socio-economic disadvantage“ (2013), S. 8

„It is found that quality of the school climate contributes to academic outcomes as well as the personal development and well-being of pupils.“

Dr. Amrit Thapa, Research Director des National School Climate Center (NSCC) „School Climate Research“ (2013), S. 3

„By the time children in families with very low incomes enter kindergarten, they are 12 to 14 months behind in language and pre-reading skills, compared with children in higher-income families, where reading books and engaging in regular conversations with adults help build much larger vocabularies.“

The Annie E. Casey Foundation (Hrsg.), „The First Eight Years“ (2013), S. 6

„Early experiences in the home, in other care settings, and in communities interact with genes to shape the developing nature and quality of the brain’s architecture.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hirokazu Yoshikawa u. a., „Investing in Our Future: The Evidence Base on Preschool Education“ (2013), S. 3

„Gerade im Kindergarten bilden sich die Grundlagen für die spätere Entwicklung. Erstens eignen sich Kindergärten sehr gut, um Risikokinder aufzufangen. Und zweitens ist die Lernfähigkeit in diesem Alter riesengroß.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Franzis Preckel, Focus ONLINE am 2. Dezember 2012

„Schulformspezifische Anforderungs- bzw. Leistungsmilieus bieten am ehesten leistungsförderliche Umgebungen für den effektiven Umgang mit Heterogenität. Zugleich garantieren solche differentiellen Entwicklungsmilieus größtmögliche Chancengerechtigkeit im Bildungsgang. Wissenschaftliche Belege für gegenteilige Behauptungen konnten trotz jahrzehntelanger Bemühungen bisher nicht erbracht werden.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kurt Heller, „Begabungsförderung und Schulleistung“. In: „Katholische Bildung“, 2012, Heft 7/8, S. 305

„College educated mothers – according to a comprehensive survey of the evidence from time diary studies – devote more time to child rearing than do less educated mothers, especially in child enrichment activities. They spend more time reading to children and less time watching television with them.“

Univ.-Prof. James Heckman, Nobelpreisträger des Jahres 2000 für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, bostonreview.net am 1. September 2012

„In the UK […] the socio-economic gap in education achievement widens throughout secondary education.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Giorgio Brunello u.a., „On the efficiency costs of de-tracking secondary schools in Europe“. In: „Education Economics“ Vol. 20, No. 2, Mai 2012, S. 118

„Das in die Gene geschriebene Intelligenzpotenzial kann sich nur in einer anregenden Umwelt entwickeln. Aber was nicht in die Gene geschrieben ist, kann durch eine anregende Umwelt nicht erzwungen werden.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Elsbeth Stern, „Lernwirksam unterrichten“ (2012), S. 123

„Die französische Schule ist eine der weltbesten für einen sehr kleinen Teil ihrer Schülerinnen und Schüler, der in der Hauptsache aus den höchsten sozialen Schichten stammt und über weitläufige soziale und kulturelle Ressourcen verfügt; sie ist eine der schlechtesten für einen beachtlichen Teil von Schülern aus benachteiligten kulturellen und sozio-ökonomischen Milieus, die in der Schule enorme Schwierigkeiten haben oder sogar scheitern.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christine Delory-Momberger, „Der Umgang mit Diversität als ein fundamentales Problem der französischen Schule“ in Schelle u. a., „Schule und Unterricht in Frankreich“ (2012), S. 18

„Frankreich zeigt eine Schullandschaft, in der das Schicksal für die Elite und die breite Masse am weitesten auseinanderklafft.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christine Delory-Momberger, „Der Umgang mit Diversität als ein fundamentales Problem der französischen Schule“ in Schelle u. a., „Schule und Unterricht in Frankreich“ (2012), S. 18

„The association between family background and high educational achievement is stronger in England than in most other developed countries.“

Dr. John Jerrim, „The Socio-Economic Gradient in Teenagers’ Reading Skills: How Does England Compare with Other Countries?“. In: „Fiscal Studies“, 2012, vol. 33, no. 2, S. 160

„Ability gaps between individuals and across socioeconomic groups open up at early ages, for both cognitive and socio-emotional skills. Cognitive abilities become stable around the age of 10.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Giorgio Brunello u. a., „Books Are Forever: Early Life Conditions, Education and Lifetime Income“ (2012), S. 12

„A series of reports has highlighted Britain’s low levels of social mobility, showing how children from poorer backgrounds struggle to gain access to university, enter professional jobs and earn decent wages.“

Jonathan Clifton u.a., „Closing the Attainment Gap in England’s Secondary Schools“ (2012), S. 2

„In England, the relationship between social class and educational performance is particularly strong, and we also have a higher than average degree of social segregation in our schools.“

Jonathan Clifton u.a., „Closing the Attainment Gap in England’s Secondary Schools“ (2012), S. 9

„In England the impact of pupils’ socio-economic background is significantly higher than the OECD average.“

Department for Education (Hrsg.), „PISA 2009: How does the social attainment gap in England compare with countries internationally?“ (2012), S. 1

„In England there are relatively few pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds who have above average attainment.“

Department for Education (Hrsg.), „PISA 2009: How does the social attainment gap in England compare with countries internationally?“ (2012), S. 5

„Disadvantaged children who are doing well in school at age 10 in Germany have access to high-quality Gymnasien, which can potentially provide the educational resources these children need to keep up academically with their more affluent peers.“

Dr. John Jerrim, „The Socio-Economic Gradient in Teenagers’ Reading Skills: How Does England Compare with Other Countries?“ in „Fiscal Studies“, 2012, vol. 33, no. 2, S. 176f

„The influence of parental education on the educational performance of immigrants is weaker in highly and moderately differentiated education systems than in comprehensive systems.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers u.a., „Immigrant Pupils‘ Scientific Performance“ (2012), S. 13

„Researchers in the US have estimated that by the age of three, children in literacy-rich households will hear some 20 million more words than their less-advantaged peers. In the United Kingdom, three-year-old children of highly educated parents have vocabularies that are nearly a year ahead of children whose parents have no qualifications.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „EU High Level Group of Experts on Literacy. Final Report“ (2012), S. 58

„Motivation is the driving force behind learning and parents play a key role in children’s attitudes and motivation to read. Parents with poor literacy skills are less likely to read to their children. They are less likely to have books in the home, less likely to see reading as a pleasurable parentchild bonding activity, and more likely to allow their children to watch lots of television, which goes along with poorer literacy development.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „EU High Level Group of Experts on Literacy. Final Report“ (2012), S. 58

„Socio-economically disadvantaged children have the most to gain from high-quality early learning. Yet it is often these children who are the least likely to attend, particularly when fees are charged. Increasing ECEC participation among socially disadvantaged children can thus help reduce literacy gaps later across the entire school system.“

EU-Kommission (Hrsg.), „EU High Level Group of Experts on Literacy. Final Report“ (2012), S. 61

„Students with lower achievement levels […] can benefit from selective schooling because when they are grouped with other less achieving students, their frame-of-reference contains, on average, less able peers. Hence, their ASC (Anm.: ASC = academic self-concept) will be more positive than if they had been placed in a classroom with high achieving students.

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Benjamin Nagengast u. a., „Big fish in little ponds aspire more“ (2012), S. 6

„Increasingly, it is no longer seen as adequate to provide equal access to the same ‚one size fits all‘ educational opportunity. More and more, the focus is shifting towards providing education that promotes equity by recognising and meeting different educational needs.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Equity and Quality in Education“ (2012), S. 17

„The impact of economic background on individuals’ educational achievement is highest in France.“

Dr. Raphaela Schlicht-Schmälzle u. a., „Logics of Educational Stratification: A Cross-National Map of Educational Inequality“ (2012), S. 7

„In the US and England students with parents with tertiary education are around 4 times as likely to be in the top half of test scores than children with parents without tertiary education.“

„Sutton Trust“ (Hrsg.), „Social Mobility and Education Gaps in the Four Major Anglophone Countries“ (2012), S. 11

„Education gaps between poorer children and their richer peers widen in the UK and the US as children age. In the UK this widening occurs during primary and secondary school, but the gap increases particularly after age 11, at the start of secondary school.“

„Sutton Trust“ (Hrsg.), „Social Mobility and Education Gaps in the Four Major Anglophone Countries“ (2012), S. 12

„Immer mehr Befunde der Genetik, der Neurowissenschaften, der Psychologie zeigen, dass wir eben nicht von Geburt an alle gleich sind, sondern mit unterschiedlichen Potenzialen auf die Welt kommen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Aljoscha C. Neubauer, Die Presse vom 19. November 2011

„Begabungsforschung zeigt […], dass ein frühes Erkennen von Begabungen und Talenten und darauf basierende Förderung durchaus Sinn hat, für das Individuum und für die Gesellschaft, die ihre geistigen Potenziale bestmöglich nützen möchte.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Aljoscha C. Neubauer, Die Presse vom 19. November 2011

„Der Leistungsvorsprung der Schülerinnen und Schüler, denen ihre Eltern in den ersten Schuljahren vorgelesen haben, ist unabhängig vom sozioökonomischen Hintergrund der Familien zu erkennen.“

OECD, „PISA im Fokus 10“ (November 2011), S. 1

„Das gleiche Angebot für alle erzeugt Differenz. Wenn man Mindestvoraussetzungen und Anschlussfähigkeit im Lernen erreichen will, muss man für Kinder, die Hilfe benötigen, zusätzliche Lernzeit zur Verfügung stellen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jürgen Baumert, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 13. Oktober 2011

„Wenn ich in Helsinki wohne oder in Oslo, weiß ich exakt, in welchen Bezirk ich ziehe, wo die guten Schulen sind. Da kostet Wohnen aber zwei- bis dreimal so viel.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Hopmann, „drinnen und draußen“ 3/2011

„Investment in early education for disadvantaged children from birth to age 5 helps reduce the achievement gap, reduce the need for special education, increase the likelihood of healthier lifestyles, lower the crime rate, and reduce overall social costs.“

Univ.-Prof. James Heckman, „American Educator“, Frühjahr 2011, S. 32

„An economically advantaged child exposed to low-quality parenting is more disadvantaged than an economically disadvantaged child exposed to highquality parenting.“

Univ.-Prof. James Heckman, „American Educator“, Frühjahr 2011, S. 33

„High-quality parenting can be available to a child even when the family is in adverse financial circumstances. […] Since inequality starts at or before birth, it can and should be corrected at or before birth with the resource of early childhood and parental education.“

Univ.-Prof. James Heckman, „American Educator“, Frühjahr 2011, S. 33f

„Schooling after the second grade plays only a minor role in creating or reducing gaps.“

Univ.-Prof. James Heckman, „American Educator“, Frühjahr 2011, S. 34

„Substantial ability gaps across children from various socioeconomic groups emerge before they start school.“

Univ.-Prof. James Heckman, „American Educator“, Frühjahr 2011, S. 34

„In England, there is a large performance gap between the affluent and the poorest 20 percent of students.“

Asia Society (Hrsg.), „Improving Teacher Quality Around the World: The International Summit on the Teaching Profession“ (2011), S. 14

„The direct effect of parental ESCS (Anm.: ESCS = Economic, Social and Cultural Status) is strongest in comprehensive systems, and smaller in moderately and strongly stratified educational systems …“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers u.a., „The effects of educational systems, school-composition, track-level, parental background and immigrants’ origins“ (2011), S. 15f

„While indicators show that the Netherlands provide the best housing situation for children in the EU15, Austria is an outlier with both overcrowding rate and housing deprivation rate exceeding the EU15-average.“

MMag. Dr. Rainer Eppel u. a., „New Social Risks Affecting Children“ (2011), S. 44

Schweden: „The impact of socio-economic background on reading performance has markedly increased and is now above the OECD average.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education – Sweden“ (2011), S. 25

„Hong Kong still has quite a few elite schools whose graduates are favoured candidates for admission to the best universities in the world. It is notable that such students are not necessarily from wealthy families.“

OECD (Hrsg.), „Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education“ (2011), S. 100

USA: „The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is roughly 30 to 40 percent larger among children born in 2001 than among those born twenty-five years earlier.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Sean F. Reardon, „The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor“ (2011), S. 1

USA: „A given difference in family incomes now corresponds to a 30 to 60 percent larger difference in achievement than it did for children born in the 1970s.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Sean Reardon, „The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor“ (2011), S. 2

„In kaum einem Land gehen die Schüler, unabhängig von Herkunft und Leistung, alle auf eine gemeinsame Schule. Selbst in Ländern, die offiziell ein Einheitsschulsystem haben, gibt es für die Privilegierten separate Bildungswege. In Frankreich sind es die katholischen Lyzeen, in England die Internate, in den USA die teuren Privatschulen oder öffentliche Schulen in sozial privilegierten Vierteln.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Elmar Tenorth, Die Zeit vom 17. Juni 2010

„Die Gesamtschule hat […] keines ihrer Versprechen eingelöst. Weder hat sie für Chancengleichheit gesorgt noch das Leistungsniveau angehoben. Gesamtschüler sind auch nicht sozialer eingestellt als etwa Gymnasiasten.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Elmar Tenorth, Die Zeit vom 17. Juni 2010

„Die Hoffnung, dass mit längeren gemeinsamen Lernphasen die soziale Gerechtigkeit bzw. die Entwicklungschancen sogenannter bildungsferner Bevölkerungsgruppen nachhaltig verbessert werden können, hat sich als (bedauerlicher) Irrtum herausgestellt.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kurt Heller, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 21. Jänner 2010

„Die unterschiedliche Sozialisations- und Bildungsgeschichte von Kindern unterschiedlicher sozialer Herkunft schlägt sich in ihren schulischen Leistungen bereits zu Beginn der Schullaufbahn nieder.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Kai Maaz, „Genese sozialer Ungleichheit“. In: „Der Übergang von der Grundschule in die weiterführende Schule“ (2010), S. 30

„Chancengerechtigkeit, im Sinne von gleich guten Entwicklungsbedingungen, wird […] auch unter optimalen Bedingungen nicht zu einer Gleichheit in den Kompetenzen bei Kindern führen. […] Mit mehr Chancengerechtigkeit soll daher jedes Kind die Möglichkeit erhalten, sein individuelles Entwicklungspotential besser zu verwirklichen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Remo Largo, „Lernen geht anders. Bildung und Erziehung vom Kind her denken“ (2010), S. 92

„Die jeweilige Anlage schafft […] die Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung und legt das Optimum fest, das ein Kind erreichen kann. Die Umweltbedingungen bestimmen, wie viel von dieser Anlage realisiert werden kann. Die individuellen Begabungen werden folglich durch die Anlage begrenzt und können auch unter optimalen Lebensbedienungen nicht über diese hinauswachsen.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Remo Largo, „Lernen geht anders. Bildung und Erziehung vom Kind her denken“ (2010), S. 89

England: „Parents are prepared to pay significant sums of money to buy a house located near to better performing primary schools, even before their children reach school starting age.“

Dr. Kirstine Hansen, „Demand for School Quality in the Pre-School Years“ (2010), S. 1

„Ability gaps between individuals and across socioeconomic groups open up at early ages, for both cognitive and noncognitive skills.“

Dr. Flavio Cunha u. a., „Investing in Our Young People“ (2010), S. 3

„Unlike what policy experts assume, students coming from poor social background do not benefit from studying in more integrated schools.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers, „Quality and Inequality of Education: Cross-National Perspectives“ (2010), S. 38

„Education can compensate for society only to a very limited extent. The individual backgrounds of immigrants, such as parental capital and societal characteristics, guest-worker origin and the destination countries’ immigration histories, have a much larger influence on educational performance than characteristics of educational systems.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers u.a., „Negative Selectivity of Europe's Guest-Workers Immigration?“ (2010), S. 99

„The causes of differences in ability can be addressed very effectively in the first few years of life.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers, „Quality and Inequality of Education: Cross-National Perspectives“ (2010), S. 301

„Leaving this socially inevitable selection to the labour market instead of the educational system, however, creates the chance that social inequality between students from different strata will become even greater than the inequality that exists within education.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jaap Dronkers, „Quality and Inequality of Education: Cross-National Perspectives“ (2010), S. 312

England: „The children of educated or wealthy parents who scored poorly in the early tests (Anm.: Intelligenztests mit 22 Monaten), had a tendency to catch up whereas children of worse off parents who scored poorly were extremely unlikely to catch up and are clearly shown to be an at-risk group.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Leon Feinstein, „Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 Cohort“ (2010), Abstract

„The private school sector plays a prominent role in British society. […] Earnings and education differentials have risen significantly over time for privately educated versus state educated individuals.“

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Francis Green u. a., „The changing economic advantage from private schools“ (2010), S. 15

„On observe un creusement des inégalités de réussite imputables à l’origine sociale entre le début de la sixième et la fin de la cinquième.“

Haut Conseil de l’Education (Hrsg.), „Le collège“ (2010), S. 10