„Children with an immigration background are overrepresented among low achievers: If both of their parents were born abroad, 4th-graders in Germany are, on average, more than one school year behind their peers without immigration background in reading and more than half a school year in math. For both subjects, this is largely explained by differences in socio-economic conditions and the use of German (as the language of instruction) at home.“
Kristoph Schumann u. a., Who’s at risk? Characterizing low achievers in a large-scale assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic using educational data mining. In: Large-scale Assessments in Education (2026), 14:21, S. 3.