„The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) evaluates the reading comprehension and literacy skills of fourth-grade students. In 2021, it found that the socio‑economic status (SES) of students’ households consistently affects their performance in literacy across countries and other participants, with students from higher SES backgrounds outperforming their peers from lower ones.“
OECD (Hrsg.), Equity in education and the labour market (2024), S. 11.